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3ULIOTES

i845

SULLIVAN

ratus, — a dome-shaped receptacle of five to ten feet diameter, eight to 15 feet height and provided with steam-coils. The juice passes through tmee of these pans, is concentrated by steam and boiled. When grains of sugar are found, crystallization has occurred, and the rest of the process consists in making these become whatever size is wanted. This object is g?jned by continuing the boiling and inserting little amounts of syrup time and again. Finally the mixed syrup and sugar are separated in a centrifugal machine revolving 1,000 or 1,200 times a minute, which throws the molasses out, whereas the sugar stays. This sugar is "first" or "raw" sugar.

In 1911 the world's production of cane-i sugai was 8,522,000 (long) tons, the United States (including Hawaii, Porto Rico and the Philippines) producing 1,266,000 tons, Cuba 1,900,000 and Java 1,175,000. Mauritius, Brazil, Queensland, Peru, the British West Indies, Argentina, Demerara and Haiti and Santo Domingo also produced cane-sugar, Mauritius yielding 220,000 tons, but Haiti and Santo Domingo only 60,000. The consumption of cane-sugar in the United States in 1906 was 2,557,696 tons.

The sugar-beet (Beta vulgaris) came from Burgundy, and is extensively cultivated in Europe. In the United States the sugar-beet industry is comparatively recent, and is most largely * developed in Colorado. Cultivating this beet is extremely expensive. Harvesting begins at different times in different sections, — in California as early as August, elsewhere as late as October, — and takes two or four months. The beets are washed and sliced, and then their sugar is extracted by washing them in cells filled with hot water. The liquid sugar-solution is purified by carbonation, that is, by applying lime and carbon dioxide, bleached with sulphur dioxide, and then settled and filtered. The filtered liquid is treated like cane-sugar. Germany preeminently is the home of the beet-sugar industry. In 1911 it produced 2,572,-ooo (long) tons; Russia 2,075,000; Austria 1,600,000; France 756,000; the United States only 510,000; Belgium 283,000; and Holland 181,000. Colorado produced 199,-405 tons, California 127,272 and Michigan 106,053. The whole world's production of beet-sugar was 8,575,704 tons.

The sugar-trade of the world is regulated by international agreement (1902). The United States, which, with Cuba, can easily supply the American demand, have practically ceased to import sugar from Europe.

Maple-sugar is a sugar of minor commercial importance, the maple chiefly used being A. saccharinum. The principal centers of this industry are Vermont, New York and Ohio.

Su'Iiotes, a mixed race who inhabited the valley of the ancient Acheron in what

now is European Turkey. They were of Greek and Albanian origin, and were descended from a number of families who fled from Turkish oppression to the mountains of Suli, whence their name. For several years they resisted the Turks, but, vanquished at last, took refuge in the Ionian islands. Though they helped in the war of Greek independence under their brave leader, Marco Bozzaris, their country was not included within Greek boundaries by the treaty of 1829 nor by the extension to that treaty of 1881, but most of them established themselves in that country. See History of Sull and Parga, by Perhaebos.

SuI'la, Lucius Cornelius, a Roman dictator, was born in 138 B. C. As quaestor in 107 under Marius in Africa, he induced the Mauritanian king to surrender Jugurtha, whom he brought in chains to the Roman camp. He was in the war against the Cimbri and in Cilicia, where he was sent by the senate to restore the king to his throne. On his return to Italy in 91 the rivalry between him and Marius threatened to break out openly, but was checked for a time by the Social War, in which Sulla won a brilliant success. He was given command in the second war against Mithra-dates, but Marius affected his expulsion from Rome, only to be in his turn driven out by Sulla. The four years he spent in the east were years of great success, in which he took Athens and won the victory of Chaeronea. He crossed the Hellespont, forced Mithradates to ask for peace, landed at Brundusium and before the gates of Rome fought the great battle with the Samnites in which 50,000 men fell on each side. Sulla was now master of Rome and Italy. His dictatorship was marked by the cruel murder of his enemies. He published a list of proscribed persons whom any one might kill, and in this way got rid of his enemies, to the number of nearly three thousand. He made some changes in the government, mainly in strengthening the senate and taking the power from the people. He spent his last years at Puteoli in dissipation, bearing the marks of it in his blotched face, compared by the Greeks to a mulberry sprinkled with meal. He died in 78 B. C. The inscription on his monument, said to have been composed by himself, asserts that none of his friends ever did him a kindness, or none of his foes a wrong, without being well-repaid.

Sul'livan, Sir Arthur Seymours an English composer, was born at London, May 13, 1842. He studied at Leipsic. He wrote Kenilworth, a cantata; the overtures In Memoriam and Marmion and the oratorios of The Prodigal Son, Light of the World, Martyr of Antioch and The Golden Legend. He is best known by his hymn-tunes (by The Lost Chord especially) and by