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STODDARD

1830

STOKERS

STOCK-RAISING). While all smaller cities had pens for the use of shippers and traders, great yards grew up in such centers as Cincinnati, Indianapolis, East St. Louis, Kansas City and Chicago, the latter outstripping all others, but those at Omaha and Kansas City being close seconds. Great slaughter-and packing-houses are found in connection with these large yards. The Union Stock-Yards of Chicago, with their 500 acres of yarding, 13,000 pens, 25 miles of street and 300 miles of railroad-track, are the largest live-stock market in the world. Thousands of carloads of stock arrive every day, most of it to be slaughtered, the remainder to be reshipped. The average number of hogs packed in Chicago annually for the past two decades is five million, considerably over one third of all packed in the world. In the year ending on March i, 1910, there were 5,161,552 packed. The total value of the packing-house products of that city in 1909 was $325,062,000. There are 25,000 men employed. The disposition of filth from slaughter-houses has been a great sanitary problem. It has been almost completely solved, use now being made of every portion of the slaughtered animal. The strictest sanitary rules are enforced, and cleanliness prevails.

Stoddard, Charles Warren, an American author, was born on Aug. 7, 1843, at Rochester, N. Y. His education was obtained at the University of California. -For some time he was an actor; then he became traveling correspondent of The San Francisco Chronicle. During this time he spent five years in the South Seas, and •visited nearly every portion of the earth. He was professor of English literature at Notre Dame College, Indiana, from 1885 to 1887, and held the same position in The Catholic University of America at Washington, D. C., from 1889 to 1903. Among his publications are South-Sea Idyls; Summer Cruising in the South Seas; The Lepers of Molokai; and Lazy Letters from Low Latitudes.

Stod'dard, Richard Henry, American poet, critic and man-of-letters, was born at Hing-ham, Mass., July 2, 1825, and for a time attended school in New York, after which he worked as an iron-molder, meanwhile with love and assiduity cultivating the Muses. He subsequently held a position in the New York customhouse, was confidential clerk to General McClellan, city librarian in New York and reviewer for the New York Mail and Express. With poetic power, he possessed the true lyrical note, affluent imagination and much love of the beautiful. He was well-endowed as a critic, and his prose is that of a scholar and literary student. Many of his shorter poems have found their way into the heart, as The Two Brides, The Flight of Youth, Along the Grassy Slope, Pain in Autumn and The Dead. His chief *

published volumes embrace The Book of the East, A Century After, Songs of Summer, Poems, Under the Evening Lamp, Adventures in Fairy-Land, The King's Bell, Life of Humboldt and Life of Washington Irving. He also edited the Bric-a-Brac and Sans Souci series. He died on May 12, 1903. Consult his Recollections, i

Sto'ics, philosophers wlp flourished first in Greece under Zeno, a native of Cyprus (340-260 B. C.), and later in Rome. They were so called from the porch or Stoa Poacile at Athens, where Zeno, their founder, walked and taught, with his chief disciples, Cleanthes and Chrysippus, developing and systemizing the Stoic doctrines. These doctrines sought to reconcile a theological pantheism and a materialist psychology with a logic which sought the foundation of knowledge in the perceptions of the senses and a morality which as its first principle claimed the freedom of the will. Zeno's associates, Cleanthes and Chrysippus, were taken to Rome by Panaetius of Rhodes, one of whose disciples, Posidonius, instructed Cicero. Besides the latter, the other notable Roman Stoics who embraced Zeno's philosophy and made it a practical rule of life were Cato, Brutus, Seneca, Epictetus and Marcus Aurelius. Later Roman Stoics thought the supreme end of life was virtue; and that all emotion, being productive only of evil, must be subdued. This stringent attitude was by others relaxed, to the extent that their followers were advised to take part in political as well as social activities of all kinds — a departure, especially from the counsellings of the Epicureans, who on the contrary taught a life of retirement and contemplation.

Stok'ers (mechanical), an apparatus for feeding furnaces with coal by mechanism

GRATE-FEED OF A MECHANICAL STOKER

operated by power. Finely broken coal is used, and is ordinarily stored in elevated bins in front of or over the furnace. From these elevated bins it runs down through chutes into the coal-magazine of the stoker.