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STIGMA

1827

STOCKHOLM

stickleback is about four inches long, with three or four spines, It is abundant in streams in the United States and in Europe. In America it ranges from New ^ York to Greenland. The brook-stickleback is abundant in small brooks from New York to Kansas and North to Greenland. Its length is two and one half inches, and there are five spines on the back. The largest stickleback is the many-spined stickleback, a saltwater fish found on the eastern side of the Atlantic. Nearly all sticklebacks are nest-builders. The males alone build the nests and guard them. They are provided with glands which open on the ventral surface, secreting a gelatinous substance used in holding the parts of the nest together. The nest is made of stems of water-plants and is attached to a stationary object. It is barrel-shaped with two openings, through which a current of water continually passes. Several females deposit eggs in one 'nest in different layers, They are fertilized by the male as soon as laid. He keeps guard, not only while the eggs are hatching but after the young fish are born.

Stigma (in plants), a specially constructed surface in connection with the carpel, lor receiving the pollen. The surface is composed of papillate outgrowths which secrete a sugary solution. By means of this solution the pollen-grains are held and nourished for the development of the pollen-tubes. The stigma usually occupies some special region of the style, either its more or less broadened apex or a line or band down one side. See FLOWER.

Stilicho (st%l'%-ko), Flavius, a famous Roman general, was born about 359 A. D. He rose rapidly, and in 384 was sent as ambassador to Persia. In 394 he was governor of the western empire, as guardian of Hon-orius, the son of the emperor, who had been given into his charge by Theodosius. On the death of Theodosius he marched against Alaric, and also procured the death of Rufinus, his rival, who had command of the eastern empire. He again attacked Alaric in northern Italy, defeating him at Pollen-tia and Verona (403). He desired to help his own family to the imperial succession by marrying his son to the daughter of Theodosius, as he had already succeeded in marrying his daughter to the son of Honorius. To forward this plan be made an alliance with Alaric, but the great inroad of 200,000 barbarians compelled him to abandon his alliance. He forced them to surrender, and large numbers were sold as slaves. Honorius, the emperor, was excited against Stilicho by an enemy of his at court, and the army was induced to revolt. Stilicho fled to Ravenna, where he was murdered on Aug. 23, 408. Three months after his death Alaric and his Goths were at the gates of Rome.

Still'water, Minn., county-seat of Washington County, on St. Croix River, 18 miles

by railroad from St Paul. It has the lumber trade of the St. Croix valley, and has flour mills, sawmills, a foundry, an extensive traction-engine and thrashing-machine factory, shoe and wood-furnishing factories and the Minnesota prison. Population 10,198.

Stipule (stip'ul}, a constituent part of many foliage-leaves, usually occurring as a pair of small, more or less leafy outgrowths on each side of the base of the petiole, as in clover. Sometimes stipules become much modified, as when, in the smartweeds they unite about the stem and form a short sheath, or when they appear as thorn-like processes. They^ are very constant in their occurrence in certain groups of plants, and therefore are of considerable service in classification.

Stirling, a town of Scotland, on the River Forth, 29 miles from Glasgow. The castle stands on Castle Hill, 420 feet above the sea. Most of the present castle belongs to the days of the Stuarts, whose sovereigns often kept court there. There are the Douglas room where Earl Douglas was stabbed by James II in 1452; the parliament-hall o* James III; the palace of James V and the chapel of James VI; the church of the Holy Cross; the statue of Bruce; the guild-hall; the old and the new bridge; and Smith Institute, with art-gallery, reading-room and museum. The town is connected with nearly all the most important events in Scottish history: the deaths of Alexander I and William the Lion; Wallace's victory at Stirling Bridge; a siege of the castle by Edward I; the birth of James II and of James V; crowning of Queen Mary: the slaughter of Lennox; and the capture of the castle by Monk. Stirling has manufactures of tartans, tweeds, car-

Eets and  agricultural  implements. Popu-ition  18,895. See History  of  the  Chapel Royal of Stirling.

Stirling, James Hutchinson, a modern Scottish philosopher, was born at Glasgow, June 22, 1820. He studied medicine and practiced a short time in Wales. He went to Germany to study philosophy, his first work, The Secret of Hegel, published in 1865, giving him at once a high rank among philosophers. He has also written a Textbook to Kant; Sir William Hamilton, an attack on his philosophy of perception; Lectures on the Philosophy of Law; and As Regards Protoplasm. Other miscellaneous works are J err old, Tennyson, Macaulay and Burns in Drama.

Stock7holm, the capital of Sweden, is built on several islands and a part of the mainland, between a bay ot the Baltic and Lake Malar. It is considered one of the most picturesque sites in Europe. The palace, dating to 1697, St. Nicholas church in which the kings are crowned, the House of Nobles, the town-house and a mag-