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STATES' RIGHTS  and the states general was not convoked from 1614 to 1789, when the refusal of the citizen members to count the vote by orders initiated the French Revolution. Thereafter the representative assembly of France took on various names, usually The National Assembly.

In Holland the name of states general is applied to the legislative body of the kingdom. It is composed of two houses, the upper elected by the provincial states and the lower chosen by the citizens.  States' Rights, a term used in the United States to indicate a doctrine, based upon an understanding of the constitution, which assumes that the different states of the Union are independent and that the citizens of a state owe allegiance only to the state; that the states are joined together only for certain purposes; and that the acts of the general government must be approved by the separate states, which possess the right also to nullify or pronounce them of no authority or, if necessary, to secede from the Union. The first appearance of this idea was in 1798, when the legislatures of Kentucky and Virginia protested on this ground against the alien and sedition laws which permitted the president of the United States to remove from the states aliens or foreigners whose presence might be considered dangerous and to punish sedition in the states. In 1811 and in 1819 the matter recurred in connection with the United States Bank charter, Henry Clay and Maryland claiming that the government had no authority to create a bank. In 1832 South Carolina attempted to carry the principle into action by pronouncing the high tariff “null and void” and not binding on its citizens. The passage of a compromise tariff-law settled the trouble for that time. In 1860-61 the southern states carried out the principle by seceding from the Union, and their action was followed by the Civil War.  State University of Iowa, located at Iowa City, was founded in 1847. It comprises a college of liberal arts, including civil and electrical engineering, colleges of law, medicine, dentistry, pharmacy and a school of pedagogy. It is open to students of both sexes, and has an attendance of 2,000, with a faculty of 165 and a library of 65,000 volumes. Its productive funds amount to $240,320; its income in 1907 was $324,048.  Statics, a branch of mechanics. In pure mechanics (or dynamics, as it is frequently called), the effects of forces upon bodies are considered. If the effect of forces upon a body is to change the rate of motion of the body, the forces acting are said not to be in equilibrium. Forces and effects of this kind are studied under the head of kinetics. In all other cases forces are said to be in equilibrium and are

studied under the head of statics. If one hold a steel-spring in his hands and bend it, he recognizes that there are forces acting upon the spring by the fact that the shape of the spring is temporarily changed. These forces do not produce any motion in the spring; they are in equilibrium. It is this group of forces which is considered under the head of statics. For another illustration allow a locomotive to stand at rest on a steel bridge. The bridge sags slightly as the locomotive takes up its position. But the upward force with which the bridge tends to regain its original shape is exactly equal and opposite to the weight of the locomotive. These stresses produced by the locomotive and the strains which result from them illustrate the kind of problems studied under the title of statics.

Statics may, therefore, be defined as the science of the equilibrium of forces. It is very important in this connection for the student to distinguish carefully between a body which is at rest and one which is in equilibrium. A pendulum bob at the end of its swing is in rest; but it is not in equilibrium, for at that very instant it is being set in motion by its weight. The two general conditions of equilibrium for any body are that the sum of all the forces acting upon the body shall be zero and that the sum of all the moments of force acting upon the body shall be zero.

The application of these general principles to the cases of simple machines, as the lever, inclined plane etc., is the portion of statics ordinarily studied in physics; while the application of these principles to various structures, as bridges, roofs etc., is the part of statics which is pursued by engineers. The conditions under which fluids remain in equilibrium form the science of hydrostatics.

Stevinns (1548-1603) showed that a force can be completely represented by a straight line. Upon this simple fact a branch of mathematics called graphical statics has been recently founded, and has furnished many elegant geometrical solutions of engineering problems. For an unusually interesting history of statics see Mach's Science of Mechanics. Minchin's Treatise on Statics (Clarendon Press) contains an extraordinarily clear presentation of the entire subject.  Staunton, Va., a city, the seat of Augusta County, on the Chesapeake and Ohio and Baltimore and Ohio railways, over 110 miles northwest of Richmond. It has waterworks and an electric-light plant, both of which the city operates, substantial public buildings, the city-hall, court-house, churches and schools, a Masonic Temple and a military academy etc. It is the seat of the Western State Hospital for the Insane, the Virginia School for the Deaf and the Blind, Virginia Female 