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SOUND

1783

SOUTHS RIDGE

Waterloo, but in a few years was restored to his former honors. In 1838, at the crowning of Queen Victoria, he was sent as an ambassador to England and warmly welcomed by Wellington, his old opponent. His last honor was the title of Marshal Gen-e^al of France. He died on Nov. 26, 1851. Consult Napier's History of the Peninsular War.

Sound. See ACOUSTICS. Sound, The, a strait which forms the passage from the North Sea to the Baltic. It is 50 miles long, and lies between Sweden and the Island of Zealand. From the i5th century until 18 5 7 all vessels passing through The Sound, with a few exceptions, paid toll. By the treaty of March 14, 1857, these Sound duties were abolished, about $16,000,000 being paid to Denmark, wriich agreed to keep up the lighthouses on the coast. Nelson forced the passage in spite of its strong defenses in 1801.

Sound'ing is measuring the depth of the sea. It has been done from the earliest times by a rope, marked off into fathoms, with a leaden weight attached. The difficulty was that there was no certainty that the weight had reached the bottom. In 1854 a new method was tried by which the weight or sinker would be removed from the line when it struck the bottom. Wire-rope is usually used for deep-sea soundings. Magellan tried to find the depth of the Pacific in his first voyage around the world, and, when he could not find the bottom at 200 fathoms, concluded that he had crossed the deepest part of the ocean. In 1818 Sir John Ross found the depth of the Arctic seas to be 1,050 fathoms; in the Antarctic Ocean he reached 2,425 fathoms, and twice, with 4,000 fathoms of line, no bottom was reached. Consult Sigsbee's Deep-Sea Sounding and Dredging.

Sousa (soo'za), John Philip, American orchestra-conductor and band-leader, was born at Washington, D. C., in 1854, and early manifested musical talent and proclivities toward the orchestra in theaters as well as familiarity with 1 the life of a circus musician. Even at 17 he was a band conductor and one of the first violin players in an opera troupe. From 1880 to 1892 he was band-leader of the United States Marine Corps, and since director of his own well-known band. He has composed many orchestral pieces, marches, songs, waltzes etc., with light operas, as El Capitan, The Bride Elect (libretto and music) and The Charlatan.

JOHN  PHILIP   SOUSA

Among his other compositions, many of which have become very popular, are Sheridans Ride, The Liberty-Bell, The High-School Cadets etc.

South African Republic. See TRANSVAAL.

South Amer'ica. See AMERICA.

South Australia. See AUSTRALIA.

Southampton (suth-h&mp'tun), an important seaport in England, 79 miles southwest of London. There are remains of the town-walls, built in the i4th century, and four of the seven gates. The oldest church, St. Michael's, shows the Norman architecture, and God's House, dating from the 12th century, is one of the earliest hospitals in England. There are large docks, a new one covering 18 acres being built in 1890. There is a large cattle-trade with Spain and Portugal, and shipbuilding is extensively carried on. Southampton, called in the Saxon Chronicle Suth Ham-tuiie, was founded by the Anglo-Saxons. It was burned by the French, Spanish, and Genoese fleets in 1338. The White Star steamships to the United States sail from Southampton. Population 119,745. Consult Davies' History of Southampton.

South Bend, Ind., county-seat of Saint Joseph County, on the St. Joseph River, 86 miles southeast of Chicago The Roman Catholic University of Notre Dame (q.v.), the largest Catholic school in the west, is a short distance north; there are fine buildings, a library and a Gothic church with the famous Chimes of Notre Dame, 13 full collegiate courses of study and 1,000 students. There are ten wagon and carriage works, the most extensive being the great Studebaker wagon and carriage works covering nearly 100 acres. The Oliver plow-works occupy 43 acres, and there are manufactories of agricultural implements, besides automobiles, steel-ranges, sheet-iron products, watches, knit-underwear, furniture, paper, woolens and flour. All told, the city contains over 300 factories. South Bend has 32 churches, admirable public and parochial schools, commercial schools, a teacher's training-school, a conservatory of music and a public library. Population 53,684.

South Bethlehem, Pa., on Lehigh River, opposite Bethlehem, is the principal Moravian town in America, founded in 1745. South Bethlehem has factories of steel, zinc, boilers and shovels. It is the site of Lehigh University, founded in 1865 by Judge Packer, who gave 115 acres of land and $2,500,000. The fine buildings stand on a terrace on South Mountain, and include a fine gymnasium, observatory, several fine laboratories and a beautiful Gothic library-building. Population 19,973-

South'bridge, Mass., a town in Worcester County on Quinnebaug River, 21 miles from Worcester. The settlement was made