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SHIRAS ship to proceed if one shaft breaks and also to steer with the screws if the steering-gear is broken. The latest improvement in propelling is the use of turbine-engines. In the regular engine there is a backward-and-forward motion of the crank of the engine, which is called a reciprocating engine. In the turbine the steam enters a huge, hollow wheel, and, striking many obstructions in it, imparts a rotary or circular motion to the wheel before it leaves the wheel. The motion of the wheel is so swift that it is not economical to use turbines on any but the faster vessels. A disadvantage of their use is that no way has been found to reverse the turbine, for a ship sometimes has great need to reverse quickly in order to avoid collisions etc. Turbines are now employed in many European vessels, but are not yet in common use in America.

Two turbine vessels, The Lusitania and The Mauretania of the Cunard line, are in a class by themselves, and mark the present limit of steamship construction. The former is 790 feet long, 88 broad, 60½ deep, with a draft of 33½ feet. Her tonnage is 45,000 and her horsepower 70,000. Her maximum speed is about 26½ knots, or about 30 miles, an hour. She has six turbines, four to drive the ship ahead and two to reverse her motion in case of need. The rest of the time these lie idle. She therefore has four propellers at the stern. The reverse engines are prepared to apply their power to the two middle ones. The boat is equipped with elevators, and has broad promenades. Her size makes her steady in rough weather. She is fitted in a most elaborate way, to give every comfort and luxury that it is likely that her passengers will think of. Her crew is 800 men, and she carries 2,200 passengers of various classes. The Mauretania is the same size, but apparently a little slower. The ships are fitted with platforms for 12 six-inch guns, and in time of war can be converted readily into cruisers for Great Britain. See, , and.  Shi′ras, George, American jurist and associate-justice of the United States supreme court, was born at Pittsburgh, Pa., Jan. 26, 1832, and educated at Ohio University, Athens, O. He subsequently graduated at Yale, studied law there, and was admitted to the bar in his native city, where he practiced with success until 1892, when he was appointed to succeed Judge Bradley as associate-justice of the supreme court.  Shiraz, a city of Persia, celebrated in Persian poetry for its climate, wine, roses and beautiful gardens, is on a broad plain, 35 miles southwest of ancient Persepolis and 217 southeast of Ispahan. The walls are about four miles around,

and there were many fine mosques and other buildings until the earthquakes of 1812 and 1824, which destroyed large parts of the city and 4,000 of its inhabitants. An earthquake in 1853 completed the destruction of the city and killed 10,000 people. The city has been rebuilt, and its wine, which resembles Tokay, is still famous. Rosewater is made in large quantities, and very fine inlaid work is produced. The city was a favorite resort of the Persian princes and was the home of Hafiz and Sádi, the poets, whose tombs are in the neighborhood. Population 50,000.  Shishak, the name of several kings of Egypt belonging to the 22d or Bubastite dynasty (10th century B. C.). The name of Shishak or Sheshonk I is found on the porch of the great temple of Karnak and on several statues of a goddess, which probably came from Luxor. Jereboam, it is recorded in Kings, fled to Shishak when Solomon wished to kill him, and on his return became king of the new kingdom of Israel, which was formed by the ten tribes revolting from Rehoboam. Shishak marched against Rehoboam in the fifth year of his reign, and took Jerusalem and the treasures of the temple. This conquest of Jerusalem is recorded on the monuments of Karnak, where Shishak is represented as dragging before his god, Ammon, three rows of prisoners, marked with the names of such places as Judaea, Megiddo and Ajalon.  Shoe′mak′ing is an industry which probably was introduced into the United States by Thomas Beard on the third voyage of The Mayflower. Shoes were made entirely by hand until the introduction of a nailing and lasting machine by M. J. Brunel, an Englishman, in 1810. By 1850 the parts of shoemaking had become divided among sets of workmen, so that one set did the cutting, another the sewing, and yet another the lasting, pegging and trimming. But in 1850 the leather began to be rolled by machinery; and in 1860 the McKay sewing-machine was introduced for sewing together the soles and the uppers. At present the fastening is done by means of a welt, a strip of leather sown to the upper and bent over the sole of the shoe. The making of shoes at present calls for little hand-work, except that in the case of the best soles the leather is often cut for the uppers by hand for the sake of ensuring the flawlessness and uniformity of the piece. The leather is pared by a machine, rolled solid by a machine, often cut by a machine, stitched by a sewing-machine (often by several, one for each seam), and often lasted, soled and heeled by a machine. The soles of course are always cut separately from the uppers; and the heels are usually cut and built up separately by a machine before they are fastened to the