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SHAWNEE

SHEEP

Shaw'nee', Okla., a city in Pottawatomie County, on the Rock Island, the Missouri Kansas and Texas, the Santa Fe", and the No. Can. railroads, about 50 miles southeast of Guthrie. Settled in 1895, it was incorporated a city in the following year. Besides its civic buildings and two large parks, it has a Carnegie Library, Curtis Industrial (free) School and a private hospital. Its industries comprise cotton-gins, cotton-compresses, cottonseed-oil mills, brick and tile works and flour-mills. There also are repair-shops of two of the local railways. Population about 12,474.

Shawnees, a tribe of American Indians, belonging to the Algonquin family, which first settled in New York, Pennsylvania and Ohio, but were driven west by the Iroquois. They helped the French against the English, and in 1812 sided with the English against the United States. They moved to Missouri, Kansas and Indian Territory.

Shays* Rebellion, a rising in Massachusetts in 1786-7 due to real and fancied grievances, takes its name from the leader, Daniel Shays, who had won the rank of captain in the Revolutionary War. The causes of the uprising were complicated. Probably the financial depression of the time was wrongly attributed to political and legal causes. The agitators objected to the heavy taxation on land, the cost of law-proceedings, the high salaries paid to state officials, the exportation of specie, the oppressive rulings of the courts and the aristocratic character of the state senate. Accordingly in several cities the courts were hindered from sitting by armed mobs. The Supreme Court session at Springfield was broken up by Shays and his followers in the face of the militia. Some concessions were made by the legislature; but the agitation was not checked until the militia fired upon an expedition which Shays was leading against the Federal arsenal. The followers of Shays fled, and after a few other skirmishes had taken place they fled for tha most part from Massachusetts. Fourteen leaders were condemned to death for high treason, but pardoned. Shays was afterwards pensioned for his services in the War of the Revolution. He died in 1825.

Shear'water, a class of oceanic birds of the petrel family. They are brown birds, about a foot long, with webbed feet. They are night-birds and spend most of their time in flight, but can swim easily. Their single white egg is laid in a hole in the ground. The sooty shearwater is found on the North Atlantic, but goes south for its breeding-grounds. The great shearwater, Manx shearwater of Iceland and Greenland and the dusky shearwater found at the Bermudas and Bahamas are other varieties.

Sheboygan (she-boi'gan)^ Wis., a city, county-seat of Sheboygan County, is a

SOUTHDOWN

port on Lake Michigan, at the mouth of Sheboygan River and about 53 miles north of Milwaukee. It has a good harbor. Its industries include furniture, chair, shoe and toy factories, wagon and machinery works, flour-mills, foundries and breweries. It has fine county-buildings tand admirable public and parochial schools. It has all improvements of a progressive city and the service of two railroads. Pqpulation 26.398. Sheep, [a group of quadrupeds forming with the^goats a natural subfamily. Wild sheep are natives of mountainous regions or of high tablelands. They live in flocks, and take to flight at the call of their leader on the approach of danger, though they can defend themselves when necessary. The ram can carry on a contest with a bull, and is always ready to attack a dog. Wild sheep have short wool, covered with long, straight hair. The great mountain-sheep found in central Asia, with horns sometimes six feet long, and the Rocky-Mountain sheep or bighorn of North America are among the largest varieties of wild sheep. The Iceland sheep, with three, four or even five horns, the broad-tailed sheep found in Asia, its tail weighing from 70 to 80 pounds and carried often on a small carriage, and the Astrakhan and Circassian sheep, remarkable for their fine wool, are noted varieties. The common sheep has sprung from the wild animal, and was one of the first animals domesticated by man, as we read in Genesis that Abel was "a keeper of sheep." The wool was early used in making cloth, the skin for writing, the milk for a drink and the flesh for food. Sheep pasture on hilly ground, and thus can be profitably raised on land not well-adapted to raising crops. (See STOCK-RAISING.)

Sheep-raising is carried on extensively in South America, Australia, New Zealand, the western United States, portions of Russia and South Africa. The first sheep were introduced into the United States in 1609, and merino-sheep in 1801. Formerly the majority of sheep in this country were merinos; the tendency now is to increase the mutton-breeds. Owing to various reasons sheep-raising has passed through many changes here; it is now carried on chiefly in the west and middle west and is at its height in the far west — Montana, Wyoming, New Mexico, Utah, Idaho and Oregon. Formerly sheep were allowed to roam freely on the public lands, but the open range is decreasing, and more grazing-land is now owned or rented. In the west sheepmen and cattlemen have engaged in