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SHARON

SHAWL

coast of the United States are the dogfish sharks, about 3 feet long; the sand-sharks, about 6 feet long; the mackerel-sharks, 8 to 15 feet long; the hammerhead sharks, 15 to 20 feet long; the small hammerheads, 3 to 5 feet long; the thresher-sharks, about 20 feet long; and other sharks that appear occasionally. The sharks represent a very ancient family of fishes, with many clues to ancestral history. Their development is of special interest to naturalists. Their fin-rays are used in China for making gelatine, their livers produce oil, and their rough skin, called shagreen (q, v.), was formerly used in place of sandpaper.

Shar'on, Pa., a borough in Mercer County, on Shenango River and on the Erie and Pennsylvania and Lake Shore and Mich. Southern railways, about 70 miles northwest of Pittsburgh. Settled in 1795, the place was incorporated as a borough in 1841. It has rolling-mills, coke, steel, brass and cement works, an ordnance-foundry, nail, chain and stove works, lumber, planing and flour mills, besides manufactories of malleable-steel castings, explosives, tinware and brick and tile works. Natural gas is found in the region, which is also rich in coal and iron. Besides its churches, public offices and schools, it also has Hall Institute (Baptist), a secondary school. Population 15,270.

Shaw, Albert, editor of The American Monthly Review of Reviews, was born at Shandon, Butler County, Ohio, in 1857. He graduated from Iowa College, Grinnell, Iowa, in 1877. While an undergraduate he showed an aptitude for literary work and was one of the editors of the college-paper. Later he owned and published a newspaper at Grinnell. He took his Ph. D. at Johns Hopkins in history and political science in 1884. Dr. Shaw's graduate-work attracted the attention of James Bryce, then preparing The American Commonwealth, and to him Mr. Shaw's knowledge of politics in the west was of great service. In reciprocation Mr. Bryce gave the latter access to such English periodicals as The Contemporary and The Fortnightly Review, to both of .which he has since contributed many articles. He studied in Europe in 1888-9 and in 1891. In the latter year he became editor of The American Review of Reviews. He is a member of many learned societies. He has delivered many lectures upon the problems of municipal government at the best-known universities. Among his publications are Local Govern* ment in Illinois; Co-operation in The Northwest; Municipal Government in Great Britain; and Iowa in the American Commonwealth Series.

Shaw, George Bernard, critic, essayist and dramatist, was born in Dublin, Ireland, in 1856. In 1876 he settled in London. In 1884 he became a member of the Fabian

Society. To The Star, The World and The Saturday Review he contributed weekly articles on music and the theater. Mr. Shaw's plays are writings of a somewhat revolutionary character in that he is dissatisfied with existing social conventions. Among his novels are The Irrational Knot, Love Among the Artists, Cashel Byron's Profession and The Unsocial Socialist. His plays include Admirable Bashville, Plays Pleasant and Unpleasant, Three Plays for Puritans, Captain Brassbound's Conversion, Man and Superman, Mrs. Warren's Profession and John Bull's Other Island. His essays include The Quintessence of Ibsenism* The Perfect Wagnerite, Anarchism versus State Socialism, The Commonsense of Municipal Trading, Fabian Essays on Socialism and Dramatic Opinions and Essays.

Shaw, Henry W., an American humorist, was born at Lanes borough, Mass., in 1818, He began to publish his humorous sketches in 1863 under the name of Josh Billings, They consist of quaint maxims, spelled by sound, and were popular. He was a favorite lecturer, and published four volumes of his sketches and a yearly Farmers' Allminax. He died at Monterey, Cal., Oct. 14, 1885.

Shaw, Leslie Mortimer, Secretary of the Treasury of United States from 1902 to 1907 and since then president of Carnegie Trust Company, was born at Morristown, Vt., Nov. 2. 1848. As a young man he went to Iowa to carve out his fortune. There he worked as farm-hand,- schoolteacher and salesman for a nursery, paying his way through college. He graduated from Cornell College, Mt. Vernon, Iowa, in 1874 and from Iowa College of Law in 1876. He prospered as a lawyer and banker, and was elected governor o\ Iowa in 1898 and 1900.

Shawl, an outer garment or outside wrap, which in its present form has been used for centuries. Kashmir shawls are made of the underwool of the Kashmir goat of Tibet, The thread is very fine, selling at $10 a pound, and the colors used in dyeing are permanent, being mostly from native dyes. Some of the snawls are embroidered by hand, but many have the pattern woven into them. Three or four weavers work at one loom, with wooden needles instead of shuttles, and they work on the wrong side of the shawl, wheje the needles hang in rows. Five snawls are usually made in one year at one loom> though some of the more elaborate take a year in the process of manufacture. The best; Kashmir shawls are very high-priced, being often valued as high as $1,500 in India. The most beautiful shawls of Persia are made of silk. The manufacture of shawls has been extensively carried on in France, mainly at Paris, Lyons and Nirnes, and also at Paisley, Scotland, and at Lowell and other places* in the United States.