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SCOTT

17X0

SCREW

and he begged to be taken back to his beloved Tweed. He reached Abbotsford, where he died on Sept. 21, 1832. In the last moments of consciousness he turned to the window for a last look at the Tweed, and then said: "To-night I shall know all." At his death over $500,000 of his debts had been paid, and, soon after, the copyrights of his novels brought in sufficient to pay the last dollar. His novels have been translated into almost every civilized language. He was buried at Dryburgh Abbey, and a Gothic temple was built to his memory at Edinburgh. See Life by Lockhart; Journal by himself; and Scott, in the English Men of Letters Series, by R. H. Hutton.

Scott, Winfield, an American general, was born at Petersburg, Va., June 13, 1786. He studied at William and Mary College,

WINFIELD SCOTT

and first became a lawyer, but in* 1808 entered the army as captain. In the War of 1812 he was sent to the Canadian border, where he fought at Queenston and at Lundy's Lane, being taken prisoner at Queenston, but was soon exchanged and was wounded in both the battles, having two horses shot under him at Lundy's Lane. He was made a major-general for his services, receiving also the thanks of Congress. His services were helpful in preserving peace during the nullification troubles in South Carolina, where he commanded the Federal forces at Charleston Harbor, and also in the disputes about the border of Maine in 1839. As commander-in-chief of the United States army, which office he held from 1841, he took command of the invasion of Mexico in 1847. He captured Vera Cruz, and defeated Santa Anna at Cerro Gordo, taking Jalapa and Puebla. The battles of Contreras and Churubusco might have been followed by the taking of f,he capital, but an effort was made to negotiate A treaty. The castle of Chapultepec

was taken by storm, and on Sept. 14, 1847, Scott's army marched into the City of Mexico, where he commanded until the treaty of peace was signed in February, 1848. He was a candidate for the presidency in 1852, but failed of election. At the beginning of the Civil War he was in charge of the army, but soon yielded his position to younger and stronger men. He died at West Point, May 29, 1866. Exceptionally competent military men rank him highly as a general. See Life by Mansfield and Memoirs by himself.

Scran'ton, Pa., a city on Lackawanna River, is 144 miles northwest of New York. It is a substantially built city and the third in size in the state. Its prosperity is largely due to its situation in the anthracite region, which gives it an immense coal-trade and a large business in mining-supplies. It has many and various industries which furnish employment for 30,000 people. There are great iron and steel factories, which produce locomotives, boilers, machinery and tools, besides many silk-mills, which give Scranton second place in the United States in this line. The large foreign population is principally engaged in mining. Much attention is given to school-work, and for this purpose there is an annual expenditure of half a million dollars. There are more than 40 public-school buildings, two high schools and one manual-training school. Scranton has ten colleges and academies, five public libraries and many beautiful churches. It has three electric lines and excellent railroad facilities, having the services of five railroads. Population 129 867.

Screani'er, a class of South American birds most nearly resembling ducks and geese. The horned, screamer, found in Brazil and Guiana, is about as large as a turkey and blackish brown in color, with a long, slender horn on the head. It lives in swamps, eating the leaves and seeds of water-plants. The crested screamer has no horn, but, instead, a bunch of tall feathers. The name is given beauseof its loud,harsh_cry.

Screw, a simple mechanical device for transforming a motion of rotation into one of translation. An external or ordinary screw is made by cutting a spiral groove on the surface of a cylinder; an internal screw, generally called a nut, is made by cutting a similar groove on the inside surface of a cylinder. The elevation of metal adjoining this groove is called the thread of the screw. When the nut is slipped over the screw and held so that it cannot rotate, and the screw is placed in bearings so that it cannot be translated, it is evident that for every turn of the screw the nut must advance along the axis of the screw by a definite amount. The amount of this advance is called the pitch of the screw. The arrangement just mentioned forms the most accurate median-