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SCHUMANN-HEINK

1705

SCHUYLER

stant practicing, tried some mechanical means for innreasin^ the power of his hands, which resulted in a permanent injury to the right hand and compelled him to turn his attention to composition. For ten years he edited a musical iournal, composing at the same tir e some of his best pianoforte works. Mendelssohn's coming to L~ipsic in 1835 resulted in making it the musical center of Germany, and Schumann at once was one o* his worshipers. His last years, in which h N produced some of his best works, as the Quintette for pianoforte and strings, Paradise and the Peri, Genoveva etc., were clouded by brain-trouble, ending in insanity. The last two years of his life were spent in a private asylum near Bonn, where he died on July 29, 1856. His wife, a fine pianist, labored incessantly to have his works acknowledged, performing them in the chief cities of Europe with gratifying success. She lived to see him ranked among the great composers. See Life by Wasielewski.

Schumann-Heink, Ernestine (1861), a noted German contralto singer (family name Roessler), was born at Lieben, near Prague. A pupil of Marrietta Von Leclair, with whom she studied at Gratz, she afterwards made her de"but at Dresden in II Trovatore, and appeared also at Hamburg and at Baireuth, where she sang in opera and especially distinguished herself in Der Ring Des Nibelun-gen. In 1883 she married Herr Heink, and ten years later she became the wife of Paul Schumann. In 1898 Mde. Schumann-Heink came to this country, where she became a favorite, alike of audiences and musical critics, for her singing both in opera and at concert.

Schur'man, Jacob Gould, American educator, president of Cornell University, was born at Freetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada, May 22, 1854, and was educated at Acadia College, Nova Scotia, graduated at London University, and pursued his studies at Paris and at Edinburgh, Scotland. He also took special courses at Heidelberg, Berlin and Gdttengen, and on his return to Canada became professor of philosophy and English literature in two of the colleges of the Canadian maritime provinces. In 1886 he was appointed Sage professor of philosophy and dean of Sage School in connection with Cornell University. In 1892 he became president of Cornell, and at the same time edited The Philosophical Review and The School Review. In January, 1899, he was nominated by President McKinley as chairman of the Philippine commission, and given temporary leave of absence from Cornell. He is the author of Kantian Ethics, Ethics of Evolution, The Ethical Import of Darwinism, Belief in God, Agnosticism and Religion, The Genesis of the Critical Philosophy, Philippine Affairs and Retrospect and Outlook.

Schurz, Carl, was born in Liblar, Germany, near Cologne, March 2, 1829. His

father was the schoolmaster of the village and was eager to give his boy as good an education as his frugal means would allow. He attended the gymnasium at Cologne, and, though compelled for financial reasons to leave before graduation, he succeeded in gaining entrance at the University of Bonn at 17. While at Bonn he came under the influence of Gottfried Kinkel, a professor of literature and rhetoric, who was earnestly devoted to the revolutionary movement of Europe. Under his influence he1 took part in the German revolutionary movement of 1848. When this collapsed, ICinkel was condemned to life-imprisonment at hard labor, and Schurz very narrowly escaped and concealed himself in Switzerland. Schurz could not rest until he had, by an almost unequalled feat of daring and skill, liberated his former instructor. He then fled to England where he remained for a short time, afterwards going to France. He kept in close touch with the revolutionary moye-ment, and was a personal friend of Mazzini and Kossuth. In 1852 he came to America, and for fifty years played an important r61e in American political affairs. lie was an officer in the union army, and in recognition of his worth Lincoln made him ambassador to Spain. He soon resigned, however, to take a more active part in the war. He was promoted to major-general and took part in the battles of Second Bull Run, Chancellorsville, Gettysburg and Chattanooga. He entered journalism after the war and in this field won great distinction. Mr. Schurz was editor of The New York Evening Post and a contributor to Harper's Weekly. He was senator from Missouri (1869-1875) and secretary of the interior during Hayes* administration (1877-81), and always was an ardent supporter of the Republican party until it began to take up what seemed undemocratic principles. Mr. Scharz always was a strong supporter of Civil Reform, and w- s made president of the National Civil Service Reform League from 1892 to 1901. After the Spanish War he was one of the strongest opponents of the imperialist policy. As a political orator he exerted great influence. Most important among his publications are his Life of Lincoln, tienry Clay in the American Statesmen Series, Eulogy on Charles Sumner and his Autobiography. His death occurred on May 14, 1906.

Schuyler (ski'ler), Philip John, an American general, was born at Albany, N. Y.f Nov. 22, 1733. He served in the French and Indian War, was a member of the colonial assembly from 1768 and of the continental congress of 1775, and one of the first four major-generals of the Revolutionary army. He was preparing to invade Canada as head of the northern department of New York, when his health obliged him to give up the command to General Montgomery, and in 1779 he resigned his office, though remaining