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SCALLOP

1687

the family Coccidce, also called scale-bug or bark-louse They live on the sap of plants. Almost all are looked upon as pests, doing much damage to fruit-trees, shade-trees and smaller plants. Among the most important are the cottony cushion or fluted scale; long-spined mealy bug; destructive mealy bug; cottony maple scale; barnacle; Florida wax; soft; terrapin; hemispherical; black; orange chionaspis; scurfy bark-louse; West Indian peach scale; horse-chestnut; Putnam or cranberry; linden; European fruit; cherry or Forbes; grape; walnut; palm, San Jos6; greedy; oleander; circular; California red; Glover's or long; oyster-shell bark-louse; purple scale; white fluted or mealy wing. The cottony-cushion scale did a great amount of injury to trees in California, and was combated by introducing a ladybird, which preyed upon it. A scale-insect which forms a large cottony egg-case, making it a conspicuous object on the trees, has done much injury to maple-trees in various parts of the United States. The scale-insects infesting orange and lemon trees have done very great damage; including the long, purple, Florida red and chaff scales, the orange chionaspis, California red, the white or fluted and the black. The San Jose scale has worked wide-spread damage in the country; the pest has spread from California to every state in the Union. It does not attack the citrus-fruits; but other orchards suffer greatly from it young peach-trees markedly so, and shade and ornamental trees are greatly injured thereby, It is spread by nursery-stock and by fruit. When the pest is present, twigs are marked by a gray, scaly substance. Consult Bulletin 88, Mass. Agricultural College; Marlatt' Farmers' Bulletin 172, U. S. Department of Agriculture, 1903; and Comstock* Manual for Study of Insects. For remedies see SPRAYING-MIXTURES,

Scal'lop (skol'lup), numerous widely distributed and well-known mollusks inhabiting salt water. Their shells are marked with radially arranged ridges and are often bright-colored. The animal living within is somewhat like a clam, with a slender foot, orange or reddish in color. The mantle, which covers the animal and secretes the shell, is provided with many, small, sparkling eyes arranged around the margin. Those show when the shell is open. When young, scallops swim by opening and shutting the valves of their shells; but, as they grow older, they become sedentary. The larger scallop-shells are often used for baking and serving shredded fish and oysters in cracker-crumbs.

Scalp, the outer covering of the skull. Its skin does not differ from that of the rest of the body, except that hair grows on it more abundantly. Besides the skin, the scalp is formed of an expanded muscle or

tendon and cellular tissue and blood-vessels. Scalping was a favorite practice of the American Indians in war, in which the scalp with the hair attached was partly cut and partly torn away, the victim being either alive or dead. The scalps were worn as trophies by the warriors.

Scan'derbeg. (Iskander Beg or Bey), an Albanian chieftain, was born in Albania, about 1403, of Servian parents. He was called George Castriota by the Christians. He was carried away by the Turks when seven, and brought up a Mohammedan. His bravery and skill made him a favorite with the sultan, who put him in command of a division of his army. In 1443 he deserted the Turkish army with 300 Albanians, and renounced Mohammedanism. In less than a month the whole of Albania was in arms, Scanderbeg was chosen chief, and the Turkish garrisons driven out of the country He was defeated by the Turks but once in all the struggles that followed, destroying 40,000 Turks, with 15,000 Albanians, and defying the Sultan himself with his army of 150,000, until he retired disgusted from the conflict. Pope Pius II tried in vain to league the Christian princes together to help Scanderbeg in his conflicts with the Turks, but succeeded in inducing him to break a truce of peace, made in 1461, and renew the war alone. He again defeated every force that attacked him, even driving back Mohammed II, the conqueror of Constantinople, who conducted two campaigns against him in person. Scanderbeg died at Alessio, of malarial fever, Jan. 17 5468. Consult Ludlow's Captain of the Janizaries.

Scan'dina'via, a long peninsula in the north of Europe, lying on the Arctic Ocean, the Norwegian Sea, trie Baltic Sea and the Gulf of Bothnia. Geographically it includes Norway and Sweden, historically Denmark and Iceland, while its literature includes the literary work of the Swedish race in Finland even. See DENMARK, LITERATURE, NORWAY and SWEDEN.

Scarabseus (stidr'd-be'tis), a name commonly restricted to the tumble-bugs or dung-beetles, but properly including other members of the large family ScarabceidcB. The tumble-bugs form round balls of dung and roll them considerable distances, and finally bury them in the ground. The female lays an egg in this mass, which serves as food for the larva after the egg hatches. The most famous scarab is the sacred beetle of the ancient Egyptians. These were highly venerated and placed in tombs with their dead, where four different species have been preserved. A strange symbolism grew up in reference to these insects. The ball they rolled was taken to represent the earth, the rayed head of the insect the sun, the 30 joints in their six tarsi the days of the month. They became accepted as