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SANGIR ISLANDS

1675

SANTA BARBARA

reaches northward toward the Lower Bay t>f New York. Near the north -point are a fort, a life-saving station and Sandy Hook lighthouse, with a lantern 90 feet high. The voyage across the Atlantic is considered to begin at Sandy Hook.

Sangir (sdng-ger') Islands, 50 mountainous and volcanic islands between the Philippines and Celebes, covering 323 square miles. The largest, Great Sangir, on which a fourth of the people live, contains the volcano Abu, the eruption of which in 1856 cost more than 6,000 lives. The people, who number 50,000, are Malays, and are ruled by their own chiefs under the protection of the Dutch.

San'hedrim, the supreme national council of the Jews, established under the Maccabees, There were 71 members, and it was presided over by the Nasi or prince at whose side stood the Ab-Beth-Din or father of the council. The members were priests; elders, by whom were meant heads of families; scribes or doctors of the law; and men of learning. The high priest, if a man of learning, otherwise "he who excels all others in wisdom," was appointed president. This court had power over life and death, regulated admission into the priesthood, and slowly gathered to itself the whole internal government of Palestine. It usually met daily in a hall in one of the temple-courts, though on extraordinary occasions it met at the house of the high priest. After the destruction of Jerusalem the sanhedrim found its way to Babylon. See Schtirer's History of the Jewish People in the Time of Christ.

San'itary Commis'sion, The, was established by women of the northern states at the beginning of the Civil War, to aid and comfort the soldiers of the Union. Its inspectors endeavored to improve the ventilation, drainage, clothing, cookery etc. in the camps. To it was due the establishment of pavilion-hospitals at the camps and of soldiers' homes at recruiting points; it provided hospital-steamers and cars for sick soldiers, and distributed the supplies given the soldiers by the women of the land. The commission was a board of 25 men; its president was Dr. Henry Bellows of New York. During the war $4,924,481 were received, besides supplies worth $15,-000,000.

Sansculotte (sanz'ku-lot'), that is, "without breeches," was the name given in scorn at the beginning of the French Revolution by the court-party to the democratic party in Paris. The latter adopted the name with pride, and used it as a title to distinguish the "good patriot." The name was given because of the revolutionists giving up knee-breeches and wearing trousers, not because of their roughness of manner or raggedness of dress, as has often been supposed.

San'ta A'na, Cal., a city 30 miles southeast of Los Angeles, is the county-seat of Orange County and the business-center of Santa Ana Valley. This valley is one of California's most fertile sections, producing fruits of every variety, sugar-beets and wheat and having peat-beds nearby. Santa Ana has flour and planing mills, soda-works and a vegetable and fruit cannery. It has excellent public schools, a business college and a library. It has the service of two railroads, waterworks and a population of 8,429.

Santa rAn'na, Antonio Lopez de, president of Mexico, was born at Jalapa, Feb. 21, 1795. When 15 he entered the Spanish army, and served against his countrymen till 1821 when he joined Iturbide, who made him brigadier-general and governor of Vera Cruz. In 1822 Santa Anna proclaimed a republic and brought about the downfall of Emperor Iturbide. In 1829 he defeated ard captured a body of Spanish troops which had landed at Tampico, and in 1832 through intrigue and revolt had himself chosen president. Under Santa Anna the states became mere provinces, while all power was in the hands of the central government. This policy cost Texas in 1836. Santa Anna invaded this province with 6,000 men, and defeated and massacred the Texans with unbroken success, till he was routed and his army and himself taken prisoners by Gen. Sam Houston at San Jacinto (q. v.). After eight months' imprisonment he was set free, but his influence at home was not recovered till his gallant defense of Vera Cruz against an attack of the French in 1838. In 1841 a revolution again put him in the president's chair, and in 1845 another revolution sent him into exile at Havana. But in 1846 the war with the United States, which had opened badly with the loss of Palo Alto, Resaca and Monterey, caused the Mexicans to recall Santa Anna and make him president and commander-in-chief. But the loss of the battle of Buena Vista to Taylor and Cerro Gordo to Scott, followed by the certainty of the fall of the capital, induced Santa Anna to leave the city by night, after resigning the presidency. In 1853 he was made president for life, but his harsh rule caused him to be driven from the country two years after. In 1867, after the death of Maximilian, he tried to land in Mexico, was captured, tried and condemned to death, but was pardoned on condition of leaving the country. He died at Mexico City, June 20, 1876.

Santa Barbara, Cal., a city, county-seat of Santa Barbara County, 90 miles northwest of Los Angeles, on the Pacific coast. The surrounding fertile country produces fruit, English walnuts and. olives, while stock-raising and wool-growing are other profitable industries. In the vicinity