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SAN JOSÉ cut off the retreat of the Texans, and came up with them at the mouth of the river. Gen. Sam Houston ordered his small force of 783 men to charge, which they did to the shout of “Remember the Alamo!” (See .) After fighting an hour and losing 630 men, the Mexicans surrendered. This decisive battle ended the war.  San José , Cal., county-seat of Santa Clara County, is on Guadalupe River, 50 miles southeast of San Francisco. Besides a fine courthouse and a city-hall, it contains the state normal school, a Roman Catholic college for girls, St. Joseph's College for boys (R. C.), University of the Pacific (M. E.) and others. There are 32 churches, several charitable institutions and a public library. Near by is the famous Lick observatory. There are four parks, and the city is noted for its gardens and fruit. It is a center for fruit-canning and wine-manufacture, besides which there are flour, woolen and other mills. Population 28,946.  San Jose, the capital since 1823 of (q. v.), stands in a rich plain, 3,711 feet above the sea. There are many squares and two large parks. The notable buildings are the presidential and national palaces and that of justice, the cathedral, the bishop's palace, the old university buildings, two colleges and the covered market. The chief factory is the government distillery. A railroad joins the capital to Limon, the Atlantic port. Population 29,660.  San Luis Potosi, capital of the Mexican state of the same name, stands on the edge of a table-land, 7,400 feet above the sea, 362 miles northwest of Mexico City. It is well-built, and contains a fine cathedral, a seminary, railroad workshops, a cotton-factory, and very large smelting works. There are silver mines near by. The city was founded in 1586, and in 1863 was the seat of Juarez's government. Population of the capital 82,946; of the state 624,748; the area of this being 25,316 square miles.  San Marino, the smallest independent state in Europe and a republic, lies among the Apennines. It covers but 38 square miles, and contains some villages besides the town of San Marino. The town, which is built on a mountain crag, can be reached only by one road. Farming and cattle-breeding are the main occupations. It claims to be Europe's oldest state. Its independence was recognized by the pope in 1631, when the duchy of Urbino, a part of which it had been since the 13th century, was annexed to the papal states. It is governed by a grand council, the members of which are chosen for life, one third of whom are nobles. Two captains-general are chosen, each holding office for six months. Population 10,489.  San Salvador, the capital of the republic of Salvador, is built at the foot of the extinct volcano of San Salvador (8,360 feet). The houses are mostly of one story, with thick walls, on account of earthquakes. The government buildings are handsome, and a fine cathedral is not yet finished. The city was founded in 1528. In 1854 it was a fine, well-built city, with a population of over 25,000, but on the night of April 16 it was wholly destroyed by an earthquake. Violent shocks of earthquake have been felt in 1873, 1879 and 1891. Population 59,540. See.  Sand, a term loosely applied to incoherent mineral matter occurring in particles smaller than pebbles and larger than particles of mud or dust. If the mineral matter is fine enough to become mud when wet, it would hardly be called sand. Between clay, the particles of which are very small, and sand there is no sharp line of demarcation. The one grades into the other. The same is true of sand and gravel. Sand usually consists chiefly of quartz, but it generally contains other mineral matter in small quantities, and sometimes is largely made of other minerals. Grains of sand are usually thought to be round, though this is rarely the case. They, however, often are roundish. As it occurs in nature, quartz-sand is made of partly rounded bits of quartz-crystals. These crystals originally occurred in igneous rock, and by the decay of the other minerals of the rock the quartz-crystals were set free. They were then brought together in valleys and along shores by the wash of rain, streams and waves. The purest varieties of quartz-sand are used for the manufacture of glass. Sand is extensively used with lime, for mortar, cements etc. When cemented by natural processes, sand becomes sandstone.   Sand-Dol′lar, the name given to a flattened sea-urchin, very common on sandy shores. The soft parts are inclosed in a rounded, flattened disc, made of plates of carbonate of lime nicely fitted together. When living, the discs are covered with short spines. They are dark-yellow or whitish if bleached in the sun. There are five rows of plates with minute holes for the tube-feet as in other sea-urchins, and five rows without holes. In certain forms the disc is completely perforated by a number of orifices of a key-hole pattern. See. <section end="Sand-Dollar" /> <section begin="Sand, George" />Sand, George, the assumed name of Armandine Lucile Aurore Dupin, was born<section end="Sand, George" />