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PAUNCEFOTE

1431

PAVIA

burdens of the Jewish ceremonies, and thus won the first battle of religious liberty in the Christian church. On his second missionary journey he preached from Areopagus (Mars' Hill) at Athens, to the seekers of "an unknown God," and founded the churches of Philippi, Corinth and Thessalonica. During his third missionary journey through Galatia, Phrygia, Macedonia and the Grecian Islands he wrote his most important group of epistles. On his fifth visit to Jerusalem he was mobbed by the Jews, who charged him with taking a Gentile into the temple, but, claiming protection as a Roman citizen, he was sent to Felix, the Roman governor, at Csesarea, who kept him two years in prison. Tried again by Festus, he appealed to Cassar and was sent bound to Rome, suffering shipwreck on the journey. Two years were spent in prison with a guard of soldiers, but he carried on his work of preaching, making converts among his guards and even in Caesar's household. He seems to have been acquitted at Rome, and there are traces of probable visits to Colos-sae, Crete and Nicopolis, his trial and imprisonment at Ephesus and his second journey to Rome. His death under Nero, probably by beheading, as he was a Roman citizen, is taught by Christian tradition; but nothing definite is known of this. Thirteen epistles were written by him and are found in the New Testament, some of them being letters to churches, some to friends, in which are found those truths which make Paul the chief founder of Christian theology. "He has earned the admiration of all Christian ages, because he was great enough to overcome the prejudices of his nation and sect and to be cursed in his own age as a renegade Jew." See Life and Epistles of St. Paul by Conybeare and Howson and Life of Paul by Dean Farrar. ^

Pauncefote (pans'foot), Julian, Lord, an English diplomat*,'was born at Munich, Bavaria, Sept. 13, 1828. He helped negotiate the famous Hay-Pauncefote treaty. (See HAY). He became a barrister of the Inner Temple in 1852; secretary of state for the colonies in 1866; chief-justice of the Leeward Islands in 1874; under-secretary of state for foreign affairs, 1882; delegate for drawing up an act relative to the navigation of Suez Canal in 1885; and minister plenipotentiary to the United States in 1889. He was a member of the international peace-conference at The Hague in 1899, and was afterward raised to the peerage His office in Washington, on account of his distinguished services, was raised from that of a minister to that of an ambassador in 1893. He was created a baron in 1899. He died on May 24, 1902.^

Pausanias (pa-sd'rit-Ms), a Spartan general and nephew of Leonidas. He was in command of the Greeks in the battle of Plataea, 479 B. C., in which the Persians were

defeated. He compelled the Th^bans to give up the chiefs of the Persian party for punishment, and captured Cyprus and Byzantium. His ambition now made him be* come a traitor to his country, and he entered into secret negotiations with Xerxes, hoping to rule Greece under him. He was recalled to Sparta and tried, but acquitted because of his former services to the state. A second time he renewed his intrigues, a second time was called to account by the Spartans, and a second time escaped punishment His third effort to stir up the helots to rebellion was betrayed by one of them, and Pausanias took refuge in a temple. The people blocked the gate of the temple with heaps of stones, leaving him to die of hunger, his mother placing the first stone

Pave'ment, a covering of stone, brick, wood, cement or asphalt, placed on a street or road to give a hard and easier surface for travel (See ASPHALT, BRICK, CEMENT, STONE and WOOD.) It is to be distinguished from the gravel and stone coating put on country roads. Pavements are mostly used in cities where the travel is large. The first thing necessary in a pavement is a good foundation. The work on the foundation depends largely upon the character of the soil and whether it is well-drained or not. The best foundation is a layer of concrete, varying from six to 12 inches thick according to the k>c,ds to be sustained. Of the materials used for pavement, wood in most parts of the United States is the cheapest, out it is not durable, as it rots, even when creosoted and coated with tar. Stone formerly was* used in the form of small round boulders, called cobble-stones, but this made so rough a pavement that it is seldom used now. Small rectangular blocks of granite or trap-rock are often used. About 1880 brick pavements were introduced in the smaller cities of Illinois and Ohio, and brick is now used very extensively in different parts of the country. When the special pavement-bricks of good quality are used and put on a good concrete foundation, they make one of the most satisfactory pavements for ordinary traffic, being both fairly durable and easy to travel on. Asphalt is a bituminous rock found in Trinidad, California and other places. When heated and mixed with sand it is used to coat a foundation on a street, and hardens into a smooth, elastic and durable pavement for residence streets. It is used extensively in many cities in the United States and in Berlin and Paris. Asphalt and brick have the advantage of medium cost and of being easily cleaned. Stone is the most durable, but the most costly.

Pavia (pa-ve'd)t a city of northern Italy, on Ticino River, 21 miles south of Milan. It was called the city of a hundred towers from its numerous square towers used as prisons, two of which, about 190 feet in height, are still standing. Its oldest church,