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PARE

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PARIS

t Pare (pa'rtt}, Ambroise, the first practitioner of modern surgery, was born at Laval, France, abou, the beginning of the i6th century, and received his training at the Hdtel Dieu in Paris. In 1536 he joined the army, going to Italy as surgeon, and in a later campaign improved the treatment of gunshot wounds by tying the broken arteries, instead of burning them with a red-hot iron after amputation, and made many other changes. In 1552 he became surgeon to Henry II, and afterwards to Charles IX and Henry III. His principal writings, Five Books of Chir-urgy, have been a great aid to modern surgeons. He died at Paris, Dec. 22, 1590. See his Life by Paulmier.

Parenchyma (pd-re%~k%-md), the tissue in plants whose cells have thin walls, their three dimensions being approximately equal. They are the working-cells of a plant, as distinct from the mechanical tissues. Parenchyma is the original tissue of every plant, and by its various modifications new tissues arise. Ordinary pith is a good illustration of dead and empty parenchyma cells.

Parent=Teacher Associations. The National Congress of Mothers, organized in 1897, in Washington, had for its object the formation of Parent-Teacher Associations to effect cooperation between parents and teachers in the education and welfare of the child. Membership in these associations includes the poorest as well as the most noted women in the country. Associations are formed in connection with different school grades, thus bringing together women whose children are of about the same age. Men and women of national reputation are officers and members of the Advisory Council and the movement has the endorsement and backing of the leading educators of the country. Active associations exist in New York, Chicago and other cities throughout the country and there are state branches in thirty states.

The National Congress of Mothers which is made up of Parent-Teacher Associations supplies educational material and programs for use of the Associations. It includes on its Educational Committee the leaders in child study in the United States. This is the strongest child-welfare movement in the world, numbering upwards of 100,000 parents in membership and steadily increasing. The Parents Educational Union and like organizations in England are doing a similar work on a much more limited scale.

The movement has succeeded in enlisting all denominations in its work and has the co-operation of the Religious Education Association, the International Kindergarten Union and the National Education Association. Its founders were Mrs. Theodore W. Birney of Washington and Mrs. Phoebe A. Hearst. MRS. FREDERIC SCHOFF, President National Congress of Mothers and Parent-Teacher A ssociations.

(Helpful articles in THE STUDENT'S on the teaching and training of children will be found listed under Pedagogy.)

Par'is, the capital of France and the second city in Europe, is situated on the Seine, about no miles from its ntouth. It is the seat of the French senate and chamber of deputies, the executive of the president of the republic and the ministry and the legations of the foreign nations. The local or civic administration is the municipal council of Paris, a body of 80 members. It is the center of a network of rivers, canals and railroads. It is divided into two parts by the river, and surrounded by a range of hills from two to five miles distant. The fortifications consist of a rampart over 22 miles in length, with 57 gates, which it took 20 years to build, and beyond are 16 forts. The houses are built of a light-colored limestone, six or seven stories high, each floor making a distinct dwelling. Some of the finest streets are Rue de Rivoli, Rue de Faubourg, St. Hon-ore and Rue Royale. The boulevards, broad streets extending in a semicircle on the right side of the Seine, are lined with trees, seats and stalls, while restaurants, shops and places of amusement succeed each other for miles. The city has many beautiful squares, called places, among the finest being the Place de la Concorde, the Place de la Bastille, Place Venddme, Place de TEtoile, Place de 1'Opera and Place Royale. In Place de la Concorde is the obelisk of Luxor, brought from Egypt, 73 feet high and covered with hieroglyphics. Here also was the site of the guillotine during the Revolution of 1789. On Place Vend6me stands Napoleon's column of victory. There are a number of fine triumphal arches in Paris: the Porte St. Denis, erected by Louis XIV, is adorned with bas-reliefs representing his victories, and the Arc de PEtoile (Arch of the Star), begun by Napoleon in 1806 and costing $2,000,000, has the names of 384 generals and 96 victories inscribed on its walls. Ten avenues lead from this arch, one of them, the Avenue Bois de Boulogne, bordered by gardens and leading to Bois de Boulogne Park, considered one of the finest streets in the world. Another fine avenue, more like a park than a street, is the Champs Elysees (Elysian Fields). Other noted avenues are Boulevards St. Michel, St. Germain, Haussman and Sebastopol; while other prominent buildings are the Hdtel de Ville, Hotel des Invalides, Palais de Justice, Palais Royal, Palais Bourbon, Palais de Luxembourg and the Palais de rElysee, the latter the presidential residence.

The Seine is crossed by over 30 bridges, which communicate with spacious quays planted with trees, affording fine walks along the banks of the river. Of these bridges the recently-constructed Alexander III bridge cost over $1,000,000.

The Louvre, the finest modern palace in Paris, is built on the site of an old castle of