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MACKENZIE

successfully for years on stretches of the Mackenzie, Peace, Liard and Athabasca Rivers. Before a committee of the senate in 1906 the striking fact was elicited that, by the construction of two tramways of an aggregate length of 20 miles, a continuous water-and-rail route of 3,000 miles, the longest inland water-route in the world, can be provided.

Mackenzie, Sir George. The fact that rapping on his tomb in Greyfriar's churchyard, and crying "bluidy MacKenzie, come 'oot if ye dar" is still a test of courage among the boys of Edinburgh, is an echo, three centuries long, of the evil fame of Sir George Mackenzie, who will always be identified with the worst features of the reign of Charles II. His cruel record as the presiding judge in trials for witchcraft, commended him for service as the tool of the king in his attempt to force the Scotch into the established church. Unlike Robespierre (q. v.), he spent his old age in the enjoyment of the fortune he thus acquired and in literary work, including a romance, a moral essay, entitled Preferring Solitude to Public Employment, A short Discourse on Several Divine and Moral Subjects, A Discourse Upon the Laws and Customs of Scotland in Matters Criminal, Vindication of the Government of Scotland During the Reign of Charles II, and Memoirs of the Affairs of Scotland, Andrew Lang (q. v.) found his character of so much interest that he wrote the story of his life under the title Sir George Mackenzie, of Rosehaugh (1909).

Mackenzie, William Lyon, was born in Dundee, Scotland, in 1795, came to Canada in 1820, and edited The Colonial Advocate in 1824, in which he criticised the government and was greatly disliked by the official party. A mob destroyed his printing-office in 1826, a foolish act which gave him increased influence. In 1828 he obtained a seat in Parliament. His newspaper criticisms continued, and the government party on the plea of breach of privilege attempted to expel him from the Legislature. He was five times expelled and as often re-elected. He went to England in 1832 to make known his grievances, and the imperial government condemned these arbitrary proceedings. A man of great force and influence, he became Toronto's first mayor in 1836. He was prominent in the rebellion of 1837 and 1838. Misjudged as he was in this matter, great good came to the people. At different times he endured poverty and imprisonment, and was the only Canadian refugee to whom an amnesty was refused. .Returning to Canada he was elected for Haldimand County in 1850, resigning in 1858. His public honor and integrity were never questioned.

Mack'erel, an important food-fish of the North Atlantic from. Cape Hatteras to Labrador and Newfoundland. It is steel-

blue above with dark bars, and silvery beneath. They attain a length of 17 or 18 inches or even longer; but the average length of those caught for the whole coast is about 12 inches. Their food is small Crustacea, the spawn and young of other fishes, and jellyfish. They occur in large schools, and many vessels of fine modern construction are engaged in the mackerel fishery. They are caught with hooks and lines and with nets. They are salted and very extensively eaten. In' 1898 the market price of those landed at Boston and Gloucester amounted to nearly three million dollars.

Mackinaw or Mackinac (mak't-na), an island three miles long and two broad in the Strait of Mackinaw* which connects Lakes Huron and Michigan. The village on the island is the seat of Mackinaw County and a fashionable summer resort. Fort Mackinaw is situated on a rocky eminence, overlooking the village and commanding the strait. Population 800.

McKin'ley, William, twenty-fourth president of the United States, was born at Niles, O., Jan. 29, 1843. He was educated at public schools, Poland Academy and Allegheny College. For a short time he taught school, but in the first summer of the Civil War, when but 18 he enlisted as a private. Next year he was made second lieutenant; the following year first lieutenant; and captain in 1864. He was brevetted major by President Lincoln for gallantry in the field on March 13, 1865. He served on the staffs of Generals Rutherford B. Hayes, George Crook and Winfield Scott Hancock. When mustered out, July 26, 1865, he was assistant adjutant-general, 1st division, 1st army-corps. He began the study of law; took a course at Albany (N. Y.) Law School; was admitted to the bar in 1867; and settled at Canton, O. Being elected to Congress in 1876, he served continuously in the house until March, 1891. As chairman of the committee on ways and means, he reported to Congress the tariff bill of 1890, known since as the McKinley bill, taking advanced ground in favor of a high tariff. He was elected governor of the state in 1891, and re-elected in 1893. In 1896 he was nominated for president by the Republicans and was elected, receiving in the electoral college 271 votes against 176 for William J. Bryan. The issue that year was free coinage of silver, Mr.

WILLIAM McKlNLEY