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LIVORNO

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LLAMA

to obtain means for establishing missions where the African slavetrade, which he called "the open sore of the world," might be dried up. His second book (The Zambezi and Its Tributaries), was designed to further this purpose. The Royal Geographical Society proposed that he return and determine the watershed of Central Africa and the sources of the Nile. In 1866 he set out from Zanzibar, first trying to find a suitable settlement for missionary operations and then striking westward to solve the geographical problem. In 1869 he discovered Lakes Moero and Bangweolo. He struck westward again as far as the Lualaba, thinking it might possibly be the Nile but far from certain that it was not the Congo, which it proved afterwards to be. At this period Livingstone was lost to the civilized world. The New York Herald sent H. M. Stanley "to find. Livingstone." He found him (1871) resting at Ujiji, but could not induce him to return until he had made one more effort to solve the geographical problem. He went back to Lake Bangweolo, his sufferings increasing until he rested at Ilala, and on May i, 1873, he was found by his attendants on his knees, dead. His remains are buried in Westminster Abbey. See Personal Life of David Livingstone by Blaikie and Life by Hughes in the Men of Action Series.

Livor'no, Italy. See LEGHORN.

Liv'y, Titus Livius, Rome's greatest historian, was born in 59 B. C. and died in 17 A. D. His history comprised 142 books, of which all but 35 were lost. The hope of finding the lost ones, renewed at different times, has never been realized. He never flattered the great Augustus, as did Vergil and .Horace. He even expresses the doubt whether the great Caesar were a curse or a blessing to the commonwealth. His style is judged to be almost perfect. His defect is that he wrote history as a fine art; for he did not go far to investigate facts, and is reported to have declined, at the suggestion of Augustus, to verify an important inscription in a temple.

Liz'ard, any one of a large number of reptiles making the natural order Locertilia and found in all the warmer portions of the earth, abounding in tropical lands. They are often confused with the salamanders, which are similar in form but belong to the class Amphibia. Although often repulsive in appearance, the lizards usually are harmless. The only poisonous members of the group are the gila monster (which see) and its near relatives, all belonging to the genus Heloderma. Most of them are of service in destroying insect pests. In Hawaii, as expert mosquito-catchers, they are welcomed to houses. They are usually covered with scales, but not always; are of a wide variety of forms and color, those among forests being green, those in arid regions dull-col-

ored. Most of them lay eggs, the eggs often having a papery rather than a hard covering. In geological ages they reached enormous sizes (sixty or seventy feet long), but the living lizards are of small or moderate sizes. One over three feet long is a monster. They have an elongated body and long tail, usually four limbs, but the limbs may be reduced to two or entirely absent. The bones of the shoulder and hip girdle are always present. They are fitted for various conditions of life. Some live entirely on trees, others on the earth. They have long tongues, and feed chiefly on insects and

LIZARDS

eggs. Among the lizards of the United States the blue-tailed skinks are widely known. They will shake off their tails to escape capture, and the tail possesses the power of growing again. The harmless basilisk of Guiana and Martinique is connected with ancient tradition and superstition. The glance of its eye was supposed to cause death. The chameleon, the iguanas of tropical America, the frilled lizard of Australia, the flying lizard and the geckos are varieties of lizards.

Llama (Id'ma), an animal employed as a beast of burden on the elevated plateaus of Bolivia and Peru. Although related to the camel of the Old World, it has no hump.

LLAMA

It is also closely related to the alpaca and vicuna, whose wool is of so much value, but