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LIVERPOOL

1103

LIVINGSTONE

in Lancashire, England. Its situation on the western coast makes it the port for a large trade with America. It is 31 miles from Manchester and 201 from London. Its great trade has given rise to a magnificent system of docks, extending 34 miles and covering 544 acres. Docks owned by canal-companies and similar corporations increase this amount to over 1,500 acres. Nearly all of the docks have been built since 1812. For steamers there is a large, floating landing-stage 2,063 ^eet l°ng> connected with the shore by seven bridges. The town-hall,

ST. GEORGE'S HALL AND LIME ST. STATION

built in 1754; St. George's Hall, nearly 500 feet long, with its great organ; customhouse, sailor's home, free library, museum of natural history, Walker Art Gallery, the botanic gardens, observatory and Athenseum are a few of the many interesting sights. University College, founded in 1882, with 30 instructors; Liverpool College, Queen's College, Liverpool Institute and other schools of art, medicine and law furnish the means of higher education. There are eight parks and seven cemeteries. Liverpool's early prosperity was largely due to the cotton-trade, through which, during the last 40 years of the i8th century, the population increased from 25,700 to 77,700. Shipbuilding also received a start at that time from government orders for vessels of war. The foreign trade now is about one third of that of the whole kingdom. The total trade of this port in 1906 (imports and exports) amounted to 277,590,925 pounds sterling. In 1905 the tonnage entering and clearing the docks was 14,019,531 tons, representing 4,529 vessels. The large imports are beef, bacon, pork, ham, rice, lard, sugar, tobacco and breadstuffs; and the exports mainly are cotton, woolen and linen goods, metals, machinery, hardware and cutlery. There are large shipbuilding yards, iron and brass foundries, engine-

works, tar and turpentine distilleries, rice and flour mills, tobacco, cigar and soap-factories. The name is first found in a deed of 1190. In the middle of the i4th century Liverpool contained 840 inhabitants. The first dock was built in 1700, and the Bridgewater Canal, which increased its inland trade, was opened in 1771. It was the leading port for the African slavetrade, and as late as 1807 her shipowners had 185 vessels, carrying 44,000 slaves, in the business. In 1899 the number of emigrants from its ports was 118,552. The population by

census of 1911 was 746,566. See Memorials of Liverpool by Picton.

Liv' erworts. See HEPATIC^E. Liv'ingstone, David,  Scotch missionary and traveler, was born near Glasgow, March 19, 1813. From his loth to his 2 5th   year   he worked    in   a factory and ed-ucated   himself. Robert Moffat, a missionary to Africa, turned Livingstone's  heart   to   that    continent,   and in 1841 he settled at Kuruman. For several   years    he    labored     successfully • in the   Bechuana   country. |The  Boers   opposed his efforts to plant native missionaries in Transvaal. This opposition led him to go northward,  where he  discovered  Lake Ngami and found the country watered by fine   rivers   and   densely   populated. His anxiety to benefit this region led him to desire to explore from the Indian to the Atlantic Ocean. He was from June, 1852, to May, 1856, in accomplishing this stupendous enterprise. He resigned from the staff of the London Missionary Society and went home. In 1857 he wrote Missionary Travels   and    visited    Cambridge    University, awakening the enthusiasm of many students and leading to the formation of Universities' Mission. He also  was  appointed  by  the English government to explore the Zambezi and its tributaries. Among other discoveries of this expedition was that of Lake Nyasa. He came to the conclusion  that this lake was the best field for both commercial  and  missionary operations. The mission had to be abandoned; the Portuguese opposed him; and a dispatch recall©! the expedition. He returned  to   London in 1864. His objects in going home were to expose the Portuguese slave traders and