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LIONS, AMERICAN

1078

LIQUID AIR

jungle. The young are born and receive their first care in some deeply-secluded spot; there usually are two at a birth. The parents, especially the mother, look after the kittens carefully until they are able to take care of themselves, male, female and young keeping together. The old ones teach the young how to capture and kill, and when they start forth for themselves they are daring and dangerous. The kittens at first present a brindled appearance, the stripes and spots indistinct. Maturity is not reached until the eighth year. The span of life may reach 40 years. In reputation for ferocity the lioness fully rivals the male, and when protecting her cubs is said to be quicker, more excitable and savage than her mate, The lion is a lazy beast and a glutton. The picture is a false one that describes him as feeding only on what he himself has slain. He will devour any meat he may happen on, the remains of another's catch as well as fresh piey of his own. It is lions' custom to hunt in bands; they have been seen in companies of five, six and ten. As a rule a lion hunts from ambush, creeping from cover to covet until within leaping distance of the prey. In hunting he places his mouth close to the ground and utters his terrifying roar, which, creating panic among the lesser animals, sends them scurrying forth in mad confusion. It is said that the natives can tell by this roar whether the lion is hungry or full, and judge thereby of his measure of ferocity. In speed he is no match for the swift antelope, but captures great numbers of these animals by creeping upon them unexpectedly, keeping well to the leeward, that his strong odor shall not betray him. Zebras and wild asses are frequent victims, and domestic creatures suffer from the attack of the great cat, who finds stockade and fence no bar to his hunting. The camel and giraffe he attacks, but not the elephant. Lions usually rest by day and hunt by night, though a company may start forth on a cloudy day. Maneating lions boldly enter villages, and snatch a victim from hut or from under blanket by the fire. Male lions engage in terrible combats among themselves, duels to the death being fought by rivals for the favor of a female. Elephants are trained for the sport of lion-hunting, but most hunting is now done on foot. In Africa sportsmen sometimes ride to the hunt on horses, but care has to be taken not to get too close, as, for a short distance, the lion can make great speed, In character the lion is cautious; shows much intelligence in avoidance of danger; is keen and crafty; and, though recently it has become the fashion to decry his bravery and name him coward, there are too many well-authenticated stories bearing witness to his courage. He may have been known to slink away, but probably lived only to fight another day, to fight magnificently, indomitably— truly "king of beasts." Man is his

only enemy. See Selous: A Hunter's Wanderings in Africa and Porter's Wild Beasts.

Lions, American. See PUMA. Lipari (Up'a-ire} Islands, also called >Eo» lian Islands, a volcanic group in the Mediterranean off the northern coast of Sicily. It consists of six large and numerous smaller islands. The whole area is 50 square miles. Many of the smaller form the ring of a large crater. They were the residence of the mythological god Vulcan. The principal products are grapes, figs, olives, wine, borax, pumice stone and sulphur. The volcano Stromboli, almost constantly active, is 3,022 feet high; Vulca.no is intermittent; and the others are extinct. Population of islands 20,455; of town 12,000.

Lip'ton, Sir Thomas Johnstone, a British merchant and yachtsman, born in Glas-fow, Scotland, of rish parents. He organized the "Lip ton, Limited," a commercial establishment capitalized at $200,-000,000, with tea, coffee and cocoa estates in India and Ceylon, fruit-orchards in Kent and elsewhere and a refrigerator-car plant in the United States. He was, too, president of a pork-packing company in Chicago. In 1897, Queen Victoria's diamond-jubilee year, he contributed $100,000 to a dinner-fund for thepoor.^ In 1898 to "The Alexandra Trust," an organization whose purpose is to provide good food at cost for working people, he gave $500,000, in recognition of which he was knighted in the same year* In 1902 he was made a baronet. He is best known as the owner of the English yachts which were defeated by the American yachts Columbia in 1898 and 1901 and Reliance in 1903.

Liqueur (le'ker')* This name is given to the numerous preparations of alcohol, which are flavored or perturned and sweetened to be more agieeable to the taste. Clove cordial, aniseed coidial and peppermint are examples. Maraschino is a variety distilled from bruised cherries, and Noyau is flavored with bitter almonds.

Liquid Air. "When gases are sufficiently cooled, they may be liquefied, as, when liquids are sufficiently cooled, they become solidified. Liquid air is the name given to the liquid which is obtained by turning the air as a whole into the liquid state; but in 1884 it was found that this liquid practically resolved itself into two distinct liquids, the oxygen fluid and the nitrogen. The "carbonic acid'"

SIR THOMAS LIPTON