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LICK OBSERVATORY

1066

LIFEBOAT

of symbiosis known as mutualism (which see). The claim is that the fungus, being unable to make food for itself, uses the food made by the alga; while on the other hand the alga is protected from drying out by living in the sponge-like interior of the fungus mycelium. There are others who claim that this is a case of helotism (which see), in which the alga is not benefitted by the presence of the fungus but is held in slavery by it. In any event the combination produces a structure which is able to exist where neither one could live alone. As a consequence, lichens are able to grow in the most unfavorable places. About the last plants one finds when going north or up a high mountain are the lichens; and they are about the first plants to be found upon rocks brought above the surface of the ocean. In such exposed situations the fungus could not live, because it depends upon other organisms; and the alga could not live, because it would be dried out speedily; but the two can live together. In this way lichens play a very important part in the first stages of soil formation on bare rocks. There are three general forms of the lichen body, which may be distinguished easily: (i) crustaceous, in which the body resembles an incrustation upon rock, soil, etc.; (2) foliose, with flattened leaf-like bodies, attached only at the middle or irregularly to their support; and (3) fruti-cose, with filamentous bodies branching like shrubs, either erect or hanging or prostrate. JOHN M. COULTER.

Lick Observatory is on Mt. Hamilton, 26 miles east of San Jose', Cal. For the erection and equipment of this observatory $700,000 were left by James Lick (1796-1876), a San Francisco millionaire and philanthropist whose remains are interred in a vault within the foundations of the pile that supports the great telescope. This instrument has an object-glass of 36 inches in aperture, the founder requiring it to be "superior to and more powerful than any telescope ever yet made;" and it is provided with an attachment which enables it to be used as a gigantic camera in photographing the stars.

Lid'don, Henry Parry, an English divine, was born at Stoneham, England, in 1829, and graduated at Christ College, Oxford, in 1850. In 1867 he delivered his famous Bampton lectures on The Divinity of .our Lord. In 1870 he became canon of St. Paul's Cathedral, London, and was appointed professor of scriptural exegesis at Oxford University. He resigned his professorship in 1882, on account of ill-health, and for the same reason afterwards declined a bishopric. Canon Liddon was distinguished as one of the ablest and most eloquent preachers of the Church of England ; and his sermons and writings exercised profound influence upon thought. He died

suddenly at Weston-super-Mare, Sept. 9, 1890.

Liebig (/<?'&2g), Justus, FREIHERR VON, a distinguished German chemist, was born at Darmstadt, May 12, 1803. After obtaining the M.D. at Erlangen in 1822, he went to Paris to continue his studies. There he made the acquaintance of Humboldt, who secured for him the professorship of chemistry in the university at Giessen. This chair he exchanged in 1852 for the corresponding one at Munich. Liebig was one of the most illustrious chemists of his age, and was distinguished alike for his original researches and investigations and for the applications which he sought to make of his science to practical life. As the inventor of the extract of beef and the prepared infant food, his name is known throughout the civilized world; but from a scientific point of view these commercial inventions were comparatively unimportant. By his investigations in organic chemistry and his improvements in the method of analysis of organic compounds, he rendered such service that he became the father of modern organic chemistry. He was the founder of agricultural chemistry, and thus the greatest reformer of practical agriculture in the i9th century. Liebig was created a baron in 1845, and professorships were offered him in England, Heidelberg, Vienna and other places. He died at Munich, April 18, 1873.

Lie%e (le-dzhf), a large manufacturing city of Belgium. Situated in the center of the eastern mining district, Liege is one of the first manufacturing cities of Europe. Its great staple is firearms. Liege is a beautiful city, with elegant bridges, handsome squares and gardens and numerous fine churches and private houses. Liege was conquered by the French in 1691, in 1702 by the English, and again by the French in 1792. The province was incorporated into Belgium in 1831; its area is 1,117 square miles, with a population of 826,175. Liege has a state university, with special schools of engineering, arts, manufactures, mining etc. and an attendance of 1,236 students. Population of the city 176,893.

Liegnitz (Ieg'nits}, a town of Prussian Silesia, on the Katzbach, 38 miles from Breslau. The town dates from the latter part of the loth century, and came into the hands of Prussia in 1742. Here in 1760 Frederick the Great routed the Austrians under Leudon, and on the banks of the river, in 1813, was fought a great battle between the French under Marshal Mac-donald and the Prussians under Blucher, in which the latter were completely victorious. The town is a place of great industrial activity. Population 66,620.

Life'boat is a strong boat for saving shipwrecked people, and is so built that it can not be sunk or destroyed, and, if