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LEIGHTON

1051

LEISLER

LORD LEIGHTON

numerous works. These include Extinct Species of the American O%; Ancient Fauna of Nebraska; Cretaceous Reptiles of the United States; Extinct Mammalian Fauna of Dakota and Nebraska; and The Fossil Horse. Leighton (la'turi). Lord Frederick, an English painter, was born at Scarborough

in 1830. His early years were spent in the study of art under the best masters in Rome, F1 o r-enoe, Frankfort, Paris and Brussels. His famous picture, Cimabue's Ma-I donna carried I through F I or-ence, w a s h i s first appear-ance in the Royal Acade-myin 1855, and was at once purchased b y Queen Victoria. Other paintings are Ariadne, Hercules Wrestling with Death, Andromache, The Harvest Moon and Helen of Troy. He also was known as a sculptor. In 1878 he became president of the Royal Academy, and was made a baronet in 1885. In his lifetime he received almost every honor possible to an artist. He died on Jan. 25, 1896. See Life and Works by Mrs. Andrew Long.

Leighton, Robert, a Scottish prelate of rare gifts and saintly character, was born at Edinburgh in 1611. He graduated at the University of Edinburgh in 1631, and in 1641 was ordained a Presbyterian minister. When Charles II'gained the throne, he persuaded Leighton to accept a Scotch bishopric. He labored to build up the Episcopal church, but his work "seemed to him a fighting against God." The king's object was to force Episcopacy upon Scotland, while Leighton's design was to reconcile Episcopacy and Presbyterianism. In 1670 he was appointed archbishop of Glasgow, but finding all efforts to secure an accommodation with the Presbyterians vain, he resigned in 1674 and retired to England. Death came in 1684. Leighton left various works, the most valuable of which is a commentary on First Peter. Coleridge's Aids to Reflection is largely based on cull-ings from Leighton's writings.

Leipsic (llp'sik), the third commercial city of Germany, is in a large and fertile plain in Saxony, 80 miles by rail from Dresden and 100 from Berlin. The inner or ancient town, with its narrow streets and quaint-looking houses, is separated from the modern portion by a broad promenade,

laid out on the site of the ancient walls. Its population is over 500,000. As a center of trade Leipsic is inferior only to Hamburg and Berlin; and it ranks next to London and Paris in its publishing and bookselling. Nearly five hundred houses engage in the book-trade, and there are about one hundred printing establishments, while German typefounding has its principal center here. The famous Leipsic fairs are held at Easter, Michaelmas and New Year's, and continue from three to five weeks. It is estimated that the usual number of visitors at these fairs is over 50,000 and that the commercial transactions amount to $50,000,000 annually. The university, founded in 1408 by a secession of students from Prague, has 231 professors and over 4,000 students. It has a library containing nearly 400,000 volumes, spacious medical and physical laboratories and other "institutes," 48 in number. Among other educational institutions may be mentioned two gymnasiums, a school of commerce and a conservatory of music. Leipsic suffered greatly during the Thirty Years' War, being five times besieged and taken; and the great victory of Gustavus Adolphus over Tilly, the imperial general, Sept. 17, 1631, was gained at Breitenfield, near the city. The great battle of Leipsic —justly called the Battle of Nations—was fought on Oct. 16-19, 1813, between Napoleon and the allied forces of Russia,Prussia, Austria and Sweden. Napoleon had about 180,000 men, the allies nearly 300,000. Napoleon's signal defeat contributed largely to his downfall and to the deliverance of Europe from French domination.

Leis'ler, Jacob, a revolutionist, born at Frankfort-On-Main, Germany, emigrated to America in 1660, and took up his residence in Albany. He became prominent about 1675. He was appointed one of the commissioners of the court of admiralty in 1683. He was a man of benevolent spirit and firm principles, although these principles were not always in accordance with the public mind, and he was sometimes forced into jail rather than abandon them. In June of 1689 the people of New York, roused and excited by the rumors of the political revolution in England, assembled in arms to overthrow the existing government. Leisler then was at the head of the commercial world in New York, and was looked upon as a man of force and ability. Having declared himself for the Prince of Orange, he was chosen as leader of the revolt. He was at the head of the mob which held the fort ''for the present Protestant power that reigns in England." In 1689, Sloughter, an English stranger, had been commissioned in London as go/ernor of the province of New York. He was detained for some reason in England, and did not arrive until 1691. Then, being a