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LAMARCK

1023

LAMP

that state from 1857 to 1860. He served in the Confederate army during the Civil War, and was sent to Europe as agent of the Confederacy. In 1866 he was made professor of political economy at the University of Mississippi, and in 1872 was again elected to Congress. President Cleveland made him secretary of the interior during his first term, and in 1887 appointed him associate justice of the United States supreme court. Judge Lamar died at Macon, Ga., Jan. 23, 1893.

Lamarck (la'mark'), Jean Baptiste Pierre Antoine de Monet, CHEVALIER DE, a French naturalist and evolutionist, was born in Picardy in 1744, and educated for the church at a Jesuit college, which he left at 17 to join the French army then at war with the Germans. On account of an injury he resigned and went to Paris, where he engaged in the study of medicine and botany. In 1779 he published the Flore Frangaise, appending a new analytic method of classification. In 1793 he was appointed to a post in the Jardin des Plantes, and remained for 25 years as professor of invertebrate zoology. Here, after a time, he was joined by Cuvier and St. Hilaire. In 1809 he published his famous Philosophic Zoologique, in which he supported the doctrine that all kinds of animals, including man, are derived from other species. These views were almost entirely superseded by Darwin's theory of natural selection. He died at Paris on Dec. 18, 1829.

Lamartine (Id*fmar-ten'}, Alphonse Marie Louis de, was born at Macon, France, Oct, 21, 1790. In 1820 he published his first Meditations Po<?tiques, and was appointed secretary of legation at Naples, afterwards becoming charge d'affaires at Florence, where he remained for five years. He married an Englishwoman. In 1829 he accepted a mission to the king of Greece. Being a royalist, he discountenanced the revolution of 1830. He was nominated for the chamber at Dunkerque and Toulon, but was defeated, and then set out upon an eastern tour, writing an account of his travels, called Souvenirs d' Orient. His Jocelyn, La Chute d'un Ange and celebrated Histoire des Girondins appeared from 1834 to 1848. He was a member of the provisional government which proclaimed the republic, and was its first minister of foreign affairs. The dissensions caused by the attempted social reforms of Louis Blanc and Ledru Rollin at last ended in Lamar-tine's resignation, and he devoted himself to the discussion of public affairs and to literature, publishing Confidences, Raphael, Gene vie ve, Tailleur de Pierres de St. Point and Histoire de la Restauration. He died at Paris on March i, 1869.

Lamb, Charles, English essayist, critic and humorist, was born on Feb. 10, 1775.

Lamb received his first education at a small academy, and then for seven years attended Christ's Hospital. His school experiences and friendships, especially with Samuel Taylor Coleridge, are made familiar in his Essays of Elia. When he left Christ's Hospital in 1789, he received a clerkship in South Sea House, and was soon promoted to a clerkship in India House, where he remained for more than thirty years. During a temporary attack of insanity, Mary, Charles' sister, killed her mother, and, to keep Mary out of a public asylum, Charles devoted 38 years of his life to her care. Lamb's earliest poems, written in 1795, were published in S. T. Coleridge's earliest volumes (1796). In 1798 Lamb and Charles Lloyd issued a small volume of blank verse, containing Lamb's famous poem of The Old Familiar Faces. The same year saw his prose romance, Rosamund Gray and Old Blind Margaret, and four years later John Woodvil. Lamb, all this time, was moving about from place to place with his sister, and struggling against poverty. The Tales from Shakespeare, written by Charles and Mary, were a first success when they appeared in Gcodwiri's -juvenile Literary. Then they wrote Mrs. Leicester's School and Poetry for Children and Charles alone wrote The Adventures of Ulysses, a version of The Odyssey. The volume of dramas of the Elizabethan period, edited by Lamb, placed him on the top round as a critic, and brought him the engagement to write a series of articles on Shakespeare and Hogarth in Leigh Hunt's Reflector. In 1818 a publisher induced him to collect all his verse and essays, and published them as the Works of Charles Lamb. This placed him on the staff of the new London Magazine, in which all his articles and, indeed, the collection of them in 1823, 1825 and 1833, were signed "Elia." He died at Edmonton, Dec. 27, 1834. See Life and Letters by Justice Talfourd and Memoirs by Barry Cornwall.

Lamp, a contrivance in which to use the lighting power of an illuminating fluid. In the earliest ages the lamp was an animal's skull or a shell, and this form, In its simplicity, prevailed in the lamps of Rome, Greece and the north. In Greece they were called lychna, in Rome lucernes. Animal fats and fish oils were used until vegetable oils, as rape, were manufactured. In 1783 Leger introduced the flat wick, and in 1784 Argand introduced the round burner, which, whether for oil or gas, is known as the Argand burner. Mineral oils, known as paraffin, petroleum, kerosene, crystal oil etc. contain a large amount of carbon, making it necessary to introduce oxygen into the burner to consume the carbon Such lamps were first made by Stobwasser in Berlin. Mineral oil burners now have either flat or circular wicks, the flat ones being more