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Page 983 : JUNO — JUSTINIAN I

hope and other critics; yet there is no direct evidence connecting Francis with the authorship. The Letters of Junius were more polished than those of any writei of the day. They were the first of modern news-1 paper editorials. See Dilke’s Papers of the Critic.

Juno (ju′no). The Romans gave a god to everything existing—to a man, to the tree, to the state, to the storeroom. So Juno is the goddess of womanhood, and the various titles given her are of the different parts of a woman’s life, as Juno the goddess of birth, of marriage etc. This personification of feminine functions became identified with the Greek goddess, Hera, who became known to the Romans through Greece at an early time. In this way Juno came to be considered the jealous wife of Jupiter, as represented in Vergil, as Hera (q. v.) is the spouse of Zeus in Homer.

Junot (zku′no′), Andoche, Duc d’ Abrantes, one of Napoleon’s famous generals, was born at Bussy-le-Grand, France, Oct. 23, 1771. He entered the army as a volunteer in 1792. His courage at Toulon caught the eye of Napoleon who carried him with him to Egypt as adjutant. At Nazareth he put 10,000 Turks to flight with but 300 horsemen. He was made governor of Paris, ambassador to Portugal and, in 1807, given command of the army for the invasion of that country. In a short time he had possession of all the strong places in the kingdom. For his brilliant success he was made Due d’Abrantes and governor of Portugal. But he was soon defeated by Wellington (then Sir Arthur Wellesley) at Vimiera, and forced out of Portugal. He afterward served in Germany and Russia, and was made one of the scapegoats for the Russian disaster and sent to govern Illyria. This disgrace, together with former wounds in the head, brought on insanity. He died on July 29, 1813.

Ju′piter.   See PLANETS.

Jupiter, the chief god of the Romans. He was first the divinity of the sky, of thunder and of lightning. He was the supreme spirit above other gods, and as such was besought to give victory in war. He also was the god of the vintage and of oaths. When, however, the Romans came to know of the Greek gods, the myths and stories told of Zeus were applied by Latin poets to Jupiter. Statues of Jupiter came to be made, and the Roman god came to be, as Zeus was, merely a greater man. The famous temple of Jupiter stood on the Capitoline hill at Rome, and was built by Tarquin.

Ju′ra, a range of mountains extending from the angle formed by the Rhone and the Aar northeastward for over 450 miles. By Jura, however, is usually meant only the part along the frontiers of France and Switzerland. The highest peak is Reculet, 5,643 feet in height. The eastern slope is much steeper than the western one. The ranges are broken by many cross-gorges. Limestone caves are numerous, and abound in magnificent stalactites and in bones of extinct animals. Some good-sized rivers sink into the ground and reappear after some distance. The Jura Mountains are of a peculiar limestone formation, which geologists call Jurassic.

Jury, Trial by, is a form of trial of very ancient origin, in which a body of sworn men, generally 12 in number, are called upon to judge of the truth of the facts of a civil or criminal case. In England, even under the Saxons, it was the custom for 12 thanes to be chosen to prosecute malefactors in the county court. But this was rather like a grand jury, such as still meets in England to judge whether a prosecution is justified. It would seem that trial by jury in criminal cases only gradually came to supplant the curious practice of trial by ordeal. A jury has nothing to do with the sentence conferred, but only with the judgment of the facts submitted in evidence and summed up for them by the judge.

A jury is summoned by a writ, the jurymen being taken by chance from among such citizens as are eligible for the ofBce. The final selection of 12 is made by lot under the direction of the presiding officer. As the clerk of the court calls the names, the jurors take their seats, but it is permitted that the prosecutor and defendant or their counsel may challenge undesiiable jurors, who then are excluded and their places filled. The prosecutor or plaintiff or his lawyer addresses the jury and brings forth his witnesses. These witnesses are cross-examined by the other side; which then presents its case and its witnesses. All this procedure and the final summing up by the judge are addressed chiefly tc the jury, which is the sole judge of questions of fact. The chief objections to trial by jury are the difficulty in getting all the jurors to agree, without which result there can be no verdict, and the danger of prejudice on the part of some of the jurors. The latter defect may be disregarded, or per haps it is less to be feared in case of a jury of 12 than of a single judge. The jury may be locked up until they agree, or until the judge decides that an agreement is not likely to be reached. In the case of a disagreement a new trial may be ordered. Probably trial by jury is much more suitable for criminal than for civil cases, in the later of which one has to decide by probabilities rather than rely, as in criminal cases, upon proof positive.

Justin′ian I, nephew of Emperor Justin, was born in Illyricum in 482 or 483 A. D. Although slave-born, he shared in his uncle's success, and was given a good education at Constantinople. He was made a consul

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