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his father had been cruelly murdered is shown by his wearing an iron chain about his waist and doing many other things by way of penance for his guilt. He possessed great ability, but was headstrong, obstinate and overfond of pleasuie. See Gregory Smith’s Days of James IV.

James, Henry, American novelist, essayist and one of the most cultured and polished of writers, was born at New York, April 15, 1843. He is the son of Henry James, religious author and lecturer, and like his father has become noted as an author. He was educated at New York, Geneva, Paris and Boulogne, and in 1862 entered Harvard Law School. He soon began to write magazine stories. His first novel was Roderick Hudson (1875). He is known as eminent critic as well as novelist, and has given us such clever studies as French Poets and Novelists, Partial Portraits and a monograph on Hawthorne. Perhaps his best story is Daisy Miller. Others include The American, The Europeans, The Bostonians.

James River, an important river formed by two streams in the west of Virginia. It runs its entire course in the state, passing Lynchburg and Richmond and widening into an estuary 60 miles before reaching the Atlantic at the southern end of Chesapeake Bay. Its length is 450 miles and for some distance it is navigable for large steamers. Its chief branches are the Appomattox on the right and the Chickahominy on the left. These streams were made famous by the battles which took place there in 1862.

James Stuart, called The Old Pretender, the son of James II and Mary of Modena, was born on June 10, 1688. His father had been driven from the throne by William of Orange, and died at St. Germain, France. Soon after his death a herald made his appearance before the palace-gate, and, with the sound of trumpets, proclaimed in Latin, French and English: “James III, king of England and Scotland.” The boy was received at the French court with all the honors which his father had received before him. In London a few nobles remained faithful to the memory of his father. These made haste to proclaim James III. But the opposition was too strong, and in all parts of the kingdom the people passed resolutions of fealty to William of Orange and of defiance to the king of France and his protégé, the young prince. His life was one of constant expectation and disappointment. At times the throne seemed just within reach, but as often slipped from his grasp. In 1719 he married Marie, granddaughter of John Sobieski, king of Poland, by whom he had a son known in history as Charles Edward, The Young Pretender. He died at Rome, Jan. 12, 1766. See J. H. Jesse: Memoirs of the Pretenders and Their Adherents.

James, William. He was born in New York City in 1842, the son of Henry James, the theologian and follower of Swedenborg, and the brother of Henry James, the well-known novelist. After an education in private schools and by private tutors in America and Europe, he attended Lawrence Scientific School of Harvard, and received his M. D. from that university in 1870. Since then he has received the LL.D. from Princeton University. In 1872 he was appointed instructor of anatomy and physiology in Harvard University; but soon changed to philosophy and then to psychology. It is in the last field that he has made a permanent name. Recently he has turned his attention chiefly to philosophy, and is the exponent of what is known as pragmatism, the theory that every doctrine must be interpreted and judged in terms of the effect its adoption has upon the action of individuals. In his psychological work his most notable contribution is the so-called James-Lang theory of the emotions, which maintains that emotions must be regarded as the result of those instinctive bodily movements which are commonly regarded as the expression and result of the emotions. He is distinguished among scientific writers for his bright and pleasant style and for the many forceful, picturesque expressions he has coined. It has been said that Henry writes fiction as if it were psychology, and William writes psychology as if it were fiction. His works are The Principles of Psychology, an epoch-making work; The Will to Believe; Human Immortality; Talks to Teachers on Psychology; Varieties of Religious Experience, a work that opens a new era of thinking in its line; and Pragmatism, an account of his philosophical doctrine. Died Aug. 26, 1910.

Jame′son, Leander Starr, best known as the leader of a rash and ill-considered raid into the South African Republic (Transvaal) in 1895, was born at Edinburgh in 1853, and educated as a doctor of medicine (London, 1877). From 1891 to 1895 he was administrator of Rhodesia; but on invading Transvaal with 600 men upon his own responsibility during the Uitlander agitations, he was captured by the Boers; and sentenced by the British government to 10 months’ imprisonment. He afterwards served in the Boer War with the British forces, became a member of the Cape Colony Parliament and director of the De Beers Company

Image: HENRY JAMES, JR.