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where it remained for 70 years. In the 14th and 15th centuries Italy was divided among five powers — the kingdom of Naples, the duchy of Milan, the republics of Florence and Venice and the papacy; the Medici family flourished; the papacy was restored to Rome; and Florence as a republic acknowledged the influence of Savonarola. The 16th century was the most disastrous in Italian history. The rivalry of Charles V and Francis I filled the land with foreign armies, the papacy being the gainer from the struggles. Francis I was driven out of Italy; Rome was sacked in 1527, the sack lasting seven months; the Medici were driven out, and restored and made grand-dukes of Tuscany. In 1529 the peace of Cambrai left Charles V master of Italy, and the peace of Chateau Cambray (1559) made his son Philip its undisputed lord. The papacy was strengthened by the founding of the order of Jesuits, the inquisition and additions to its territory; and Venice made her last great achievement in a war that had lasted five centuries by the conquest of the Peloponnesus in 1684. After each of three European wars of the 18th century Italy was divided afresh. Napoleon entered Italy in 1796, reconquered it at Marengo in 1800, and was crowned king of Italy in 1805. The congress of Vienna in 1815 restored Italy to its former state. The year of revolution, 1848, opened with the party of Mazzini supreme. Pope Pius IX became a fugitive, and Garibaldi was in the field. Rome and Venice yielded to French armies, the pope and other petty sovereigns of Italy returned, and the revolution proved a failure. But Victor Emmanuel, Cavour and Garibaldi were ready for the coming struggle. Cavour made terms with Louis Napoleon, and the French and Italian troops won the battles of Magenta and Solferino, driving Austria to the east. In February, 1861, the first Italian parliament met at Turin, and Victor Emmanuel was proclaimed king of Italy. Venice was restored in 1866, ana on Sept. 20, 1870, the king entered Rome and the emancipation of Itaty was complete. The pope retained the Vatican, the church of Santa Maria Maggiore, the Lateran palace and the villa of Castel Gandolfo, and was given an income of $750,000 out of the revenues of the state. Italy, free and united, has become one of the great European powers. In 1878 Victor Emmanuel died, and his son Humbert I succeeded him and in the same year occurred the death of Pius IX who was followed by Leo XIII. In July, 1900, Humbert was unhappily assassinated and was succeeded by the Prince of Naples, his son, who rules as Victor Emmanuel III. In 1911 Italy declared war upon Turkey and seized Tripoli, the war continuing through 1912. San Marino, an independent republic, is embraced in the area of Italy, besides the African dependencies on the Red Sea, Italy has 10,070 miles of railway and nearly 30,000 of telegraph lines. In 1905 it had close upon 6,000 postoffice savings banks, with 5,527,332 depositors, and over a thousand million lire of deposits. (The lira, plural lire, is worth 19 or 20 cents). See Renaissance in Italy by Symonds; Garibaldi and Italian Unity by Chambers; Life of Cavour by Mazade; Italy by W. Hunt in Freeman’s Historical Course; Life of Victor Emmanuel by Godkin; Hodgkin’s Italy and her Invaders; Hare’s Cities of Italy; Murray’s Handbook for Italy, for Rome and for Venice; Deecke’s Italy; and Marion Crawford’s Southern Italy, Sicily and Ave Roma Immortalis.

Ith′aca, county-seat of Tompkins County, southwest central New York, is situated on Cayuga Lake, near the southern end and on the slopes of the neighboring hills, 35 miles northeast of Elmira by rail. Ithaca may be reached by the New York Central, east and west, connecting with the lake steamers at Cayuga. and by the Delaware, Lackawanna and Western, Elmira, Cortland and Northern and Lehigh Valley railways. It has a large trade in coal and a number of foundries, mills and factories. It has fine churches and schools and a public library. Ithaca is the seat of Cornell University which, founded in 1868, has become one of the largest in the country, with 516 teachers and 4,200 students. It has received a grant from congress of 990,000 acres of land and very large amounts from private individuals. There are 600 free scholarships for the youth of the state. Population 14,802.

Ito  Hi′robu′mi,   Marquis,   a   Japanese statesman and prime minister; born in the province of Chosu in 1840. A secret journey to Europe convinced him ot the superiority of western civilization and since that time he has been one of the leaders in westernizing his native land. In 1871 he visited the United States to investigate the coinage system, and upon his return to Japan he assisted in establishing the mint at Osaka. On a second trip to Europe in 1880 he was favorably impressed with the German methods of government, and his attempts to introduce them into his own country have given him the name of the Japanese Bismarck. In 1886 he assumed the leading place in the Japanese cabinet, and,

Image: MARQUIS ITO