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plains is noted, and the brilliant flowers and vegetation give a novel beauty to the landscape. The chief mountain systems are the frontier ridge of the Alps — the highest peak in Italy is 13,652 feet high — and the Apennines. Italy has a number of volcanoes, of which the most remarkable summits are Vesuvius, which is still active, near Naples; Etna in Sicily; and Stromboli in the Lipari Isles. The great plains are those of Lombardy, Piedmont, the Venetian plains and Campo Felice.

Drainage and Climate. The Italian rivers, though numerous, are navigable only for the smallest vessels. The largest is the Po, 420 miles long, which rises on the borders of France and flows into the Adriatic. It has numerous tributaries. Among other rivers are the Adige, Arno, Tiber and Volturno. The mountain lakes are famous for their picturesque beauty. They are mostly in the northern provinces of Lombardy and Venetia. The largest are Maggiore, Lugano, Como, Iseo and Garda. The climate in the north is temperate, healthful and frequently severe in winter; in the central part it is more genial and sunny: and the heat of the southern provinces is almost tropical in its intensity.

Natural Resources. The mineral of greatest importance is sulphur, then come lead, zinc and iron. The following minerals also exist: mineral fuel, copper, antimony, manganese, mercury, salt, boric acid, graphite, asphalt, petroleum and coal. The scarcity of coal hinders the working of existing mines. Italy’s quarries (which furnish much fine stone and the noted Carrara marble) give employment to nearly 60,000 men. Her fisheries employ nearly 100,000 men, who catch anchovies, sardines, tunnies etc., besides engaging in coral and sponge fishing.

People. The character of the people is in the main sober, industrious and thrifty, but with little real mechanical skill or ingenuity. Multitudes emigrate each year in search of work and homes; but all retain their passionate love for the fatherland, and look forward to the time when they can return with a competency. They are quick to resent an injury, but have the warm natures and sympathetic feelings of southern people. There were 1,342,800 Italians in the United States in 1910.

Occupation. Agriculture employs nearly a third of the entire population, and manufactures only about half as many. The main products are corn, wine, oil, raw silk, rice, olives and tropical fruits, besides hemp, flax and cotton, which are largely grown. Silk manufacturing is of most importance, and the making of gold and silver wares is carried on extensively in the larger cities, as is also work in bronze; while the terracotta statues, busts etc. are of the greatest beauty. Italian cameos, mosaics and Venetian glass are known the world over. Wines, soaps and sugar are also manufactured to some extent.

Religion and Education. Roman Catholicism is the state religion, but religious freedom is granted to all churches. The pope by the law of 1871 has his own court in the Vatican. Italy is behind most of the European nations in the education of her people; but since the union of the states much progress has been made. There are 21 universities, the oldest being at Bologna and the largest at Naples. The state regulates public instruction, and maintains public schools of every grade, either entirely or in union with the provinces.

The government is a constitutional monarchy, with a parliament consisting of a senate and chamber of deputies. The number of deputies is 508, chosen by the people, all who can read and write and pay a small tax having a vote. The senate (358 in number exclusive of five members of the royal family) is chosen by the king, and its members serve for life. Military service is required of all citizens from 20 to 39, and the whole number available for war is about 2,750,000 men. Italy has one of the strongest navies in Europe, and two of the armorclads were the largest warships ever built. The capital is Rome (population 575,000); the other chief cities are Naples (population 596,000), Milan (population 584,000), Turin (371,000) and Palermo (319,000).

History. The early history of Italy is that of Rome. For 64 years after the invasion of the Goths they ruled in Italy, Teias, the last of the Gothic kings, being slain in battle about 553. The country then was divided, belonging now to the eastern and now to the western empire, with independent duchies and free cities. Eight kings of the Carlovingian line ruled in northern Italy until 887, followed by Italian sovereigns or dukes until, in 961, Otto was crowned king of Italy and emperor of Rome. For two centuries the right to the crown of the Roman empire belonged to the German kingship. There was no Italian kingdom except in name, and with her foreign emperors living beyond the Alps, the country was left without a head. The struggles for supremacy between counts, between popes and emperors and between cities, in the quarrels of the Guelphs and Ghibellines, continued for centuries. In 1177, at Venice, after the defeat of Legnano, Frederick Barbarossa the emperor agreed to a six years’ truce, and in 1183 he made a treaty of peace with the Lombard towns. With the capture of Constantinople (1204) Venice gained large territories as reward for her services and became supreme in the Levant. In 1278 the popes were recognized as temporal sovereigns, and their power over Rome established. In 1309 the seat of the papacy was removed to Avignon,