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IBRAHIM PASHA black. The head, neck, legs and feet were destitute of feathers and covered with black skin. It was kept in temples and embalmed after death. It is doubtful if it occurs in Egypt to-day, north of Khartum. The bird pointed out to travelers as the sacred ibis usually is the buff-backed heron. The glossy ibises, of chestnut color, with head and neck feathered, are distributed over all the warmer parts of the globe. In North America two species are found. The glossy ibis is still to be seen in Florida and the southwest. The white ibis, only a few now remaining in Florida, is a snow-white bird, its whiteness emphasized by the black of the four outer wing feathers. The splendid scarlet ibis may no longer be found in its old haunts in Florida and Louisiana. The spoon bills are like other ibises, save as to the shape of the bill. The wood ibis, native of South America, breeds as far north as Florida. Formerly it was grouped with the ibises, but it leans toward the storks. On the sacred ibis see Wilkinson's Manners and Customs of the Egyptians.  Ibrahim Pasha, viceroy of Egypt and son of Mehemet Ali, was born at Kavala, Rumelia (in European Turkey), in 1789, and died at Cairo, Nov. 9, 1848. During his father's viceroyalty (1811-48) dead Egypt enjoyed a galvanic prosperity, which was in great measure imparted by Ibrahim's success as a general. The wild tribes of upper Egypt were overrun in 1812; the Wahabees and part of Arabia fell before him in 1816; and in 1820 Nubia and part of the Sudan were added to Egypt, and Egyptian troops fought in aid of the Turks against the Greeks from 1821 to 1828. His greatest exploit, however, was the conquest of Syria in one year, beginning with the victories of Tripoli and Horus. Pushing into Asia Minor, he routed a Turkish army at Koniya and found an open road between him and Constantinople. But the Powers now stepped forward, and Egypt was obliged to be content with Syria, which she had won by force of arms. War again breaking out in 1833, another splendid victory at Nisib would perhaps have given Mehemet Ali the throne of Constantinople, but the Powers again called a halt, and Ibrahim was even forced out of Syria, of which he had been governor since its conquest. Ibrahim ruled as viceroy, however, only during the last two months of his life, being called to the government because of the childishness of his father, in 1848. Ibrahim's son was the first khedive of Egypt. See Stanley Lane-Poole's Egypt.  Ib′sen,, Henrik, a Norwegian lyric poet and dramatist, was born at Skien in southern Norway, March 20, 1828. He was a student at Christiania University, but did not graduate. He engaged in journalism for two years, and was then made director

of Ole Bull's theater at Bergen. His first play, Catalina, was produced in Christiania in 1850. At Bergen he wrote The Banquet at Solhaug and Lady Inger at Ostraat. In 1858 he wrote The Warriors of Helgeland; in 1862 Love's Comedy; in 1864 The Rival Kings. These works gave him high rank among modern Scandinavian dramatists. In 1864 he left his native country and lived abroad for the most part until 1892. In 1866 the parliament of Norway granted him a pension. His dramas are partly in prose, partly in verse, and include historical plays and satirical comedies of modern life. His later works include Brand, The Pillars of Society, A Doll's House, Ghosts, An Enemy of the People, Little Eyolf, Hedda Gabler and The Master-Builder. Most of these have been published in English. He died on May 23, 1906.  Ib′ycus, a lyric poet of the 6th century, B. C., born in the Greek colony of Rhegium in southern Italy, is best known to moderns from a poem of Schiller, The Cranes of Ibycus. Ibycus is known to have been a wandering bard, but Cicero ranks him with so great a poet as Anacreon. The story of his death, according to Schiller's poem, is that, when mortally wounded by robbers, he called upon a flock of cranes to avenge him. This they did, for, when a flock of cranes passed over the theater at Corinth during a performance, one of the assassins who was present involuntarily cried out: “Yonder are the avengers of Ibycus!” Thus the murderers were detected, and the crime avenged.  Ice is water in the solid form. The usual temperature at which water freezes is 32° Fahrenheit. The formation of ice is usually at the surface, owing to the peculiar property water possesses of ceasing to contract when it is within 7.4