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HOP is the most notable tunnel in the United States. It was begun in 1851, twice abandoned, but was completed in 1875 after costing Massachusetts about $18,000,000.  Hop, species of Humulus, a genus belonging to the nettle family. It contains two or three species of twining vines, with rough, palmately-lobed leaves and cone-like catkins, which, increasing much in size, are the so-called hops. The common hop is H. lupulus, which is native to both Europe and North America, and has long been cultivated for the hops that are used in the brewing of beer and in the manufacture of yeasts. For commercial use the hop is extensively cultivated, the handling of the crop consisting in removing the catkins and carefully drying them. The crop in the United States in 1910 amounted to 44,000,000 pounds, Oregon alone producing 18,000,000 pounds.  Hop′kins, Johns, an American philanthropist, was born in Anne Arundel County Md., May 19, 1795. A large part of the fortune which he accumulated in business he devoted to various philanthropies. He gave $4,500,000 for the founding and equipment of a hospital at Baltimore, stipulating that the institution be free to all, regardless of race or color. By his will he devoted $3,500,000 to the founding of Johns Hopkins University at Baltimore, now one of the most complete and efficient of modern educational institutions. He established an asylum for negro orphans and gave a public park to the city. He died at Baltimore, Dec. 24, 1873.  Hopkins, Johns, University. See .  Hopkins, Mark, an American educator, was born at Stockbridge, Mass., Feb. 4, 1802. He graduated at Wipiams College in 1827, and studied medicine, but, fortunately for the college and her many students, accepted the professorship of moral philosophy in Williams College in 1830, where he remained until his death in 1887. He served the college as president from 1836 to 1872, making a model college president and teacher and one of the best known in the United States. Garfield, one of his pupils, said: “A log with a student at one end and Mark Hopkins at the other was his ideal college.” He was prominent in all church and educational bodies, acting as president of the American Board of Foreign Missions for nearly thirty years. His Evidences of Christianity and Law of Love and Love as a Law have been extensively used as textbooks. He died at Williamstown, Mass., June 17, 1887.  Hor′ace, Quintus Horatius Flaccus, a Latin poet, born in southern Italy on Dec. 8, 65 B. C., was the son of a slave freed by his own labors. He received a fine education, proceeded to Athens to finish his studies, and while there joined the forces

of Brutus. After the defeat at Philippi he returned to Italy, and was forced by poverty to make verses. He attracted the attention of Vergil, who introduced him to Mæcenas, the minister of Augustus, the Roman emperor, who raised him from poverty to wealth, Horace becoming poet-laureate. He died on Nov. 27, 8 B. C. Among his works are Satires (eighteen in number), Odes and Secular Songs. The Satires were published in 35 B. C. and a second volume in 30 B. C. His greatest works are the Odes, written at the age of forty-six, and the Epistles. The last of the Epistles, the Art of Poetry, was left unfinished. His works have been read by a hundred generations of schoolboys, and have supplied more proverbial phrases than all other Latin literature. He almost was the last of the great Latin poets. See Life of Horace by Milman.  Hora′tius. Horatius Cocles was a Roman hero, descended from the Horatii who defeated the Curiatii of Alba Longa in Rome's early struggle with that city. Horatius with Spurius Lartius and Titus Herminius held the entrance to the bridge over the Tiber against the attack of the army of the Etrurian king Lars Porsena, while their countrymen hewed down the bridge in their rear. Lartius and Herminius crossed on the bridge to the Roman side just before it collapsed; Horatius, finding himself alone with the hostile army in front and the foaming Tiber behind him, bravely plunged into the swift-flowing river, though clad in full armor, and swam safely to the opposite bank, greatly to the rejoicing of his fellow countrymen, Horatius has been widely popularized as a hero by Macaulay's poem in the Lays of Ancient Rome.  Ho′reb, Mt. See. <section end="Horeb, Mt." /> <section begin="Horn" />Horn, the name, in a general sense, applied to the hard bone-like substance growing from the heads of animals. Horns are of two kinds: one being a continuation of growth of the actual bone structure and the second being a hardening of the epidermis or skin. They may be solid or hollow; the hollow horn being but a single column, as a rule; the bony or solid horn is usually branched or pronged. The name is also applied to the nails, hoofs, claws, bills and quills of animals. Horn is manufactured into many articles of use and ornament, and has been so used from the earliest period. Thin plates of horn were once used for window-panes, lanterns and book-covers, whence the name hornbook. It is used in making handles for knives, forks, umbrellas and canes; for combs, buttons, drinking cups, snuff and other boxes. The horn in its natural form has been largely used for holding powder, many powder-horns being beautifully carved. <section end="Horn" /> <section begin="Horned Toad" />Hor′ned Toad, a lizard inhabiting the dry sandy plains of the western United States.<section end="Horned Toad" />