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HENSCHEL

865

HEPATIC^

Congress at Philadelphia In 1774, and delivered its first speech. In 1776 he carried the vote of Virginia for independence, became governor of the state, and was four times re-elected. In 1795 he declined the secretaryship of state, which Washington offered him. He died in Virginia, June 6, 1799. See his Life by William Wirt.

Hen'schel, George, born Feb. 18, 1850, at Breslau, Germany, is a composer, conductor and singer. He studied in Leipsic Conservatory and in Berlin under Kill and Schulze. His vocal and instrumental compositions are numerous, including some large works as well as shorter pieces. In 1881 he was appointed first conductor of the Boston Symphony Concerts, and in 1885—6 he assumed the same position with the London Symphony Concerts. For a time he succeeded Mme. Goldschmidt as professor of singing at the Royal College of Music, London.

Hen'ty, George Alfred, a prolific writer of juvenile stories, was born at Trumping-ton, England, Dec. 8, 1832. He was educated at Westminster School and at Cambridge, and served during the Crimean War and afterwards in Italy and England. Later he was correspondent for the London Standard in the Austro-Italian and Franco-German wars and the Abyssinian and Ash-anti expeditions. He wrote With Clive in India; In Freedom's Cause; Under Drake's Flag; and stories of adventure, mostly for juvenile readers. He died on Nov. 16, 1902.

Hepatica ( he-pat'-i-ca), a very early and well-beloved spring flower, color pinkish-blue or white, member of the crowfoot family. The blossoms come before the leaves, well-adapted for their early advent by a fuzzy covering about buds and stems; they are delicately fragrant, grow solitary on a long scape, and consist of six or more colored speals. The leaves are mottled with purple, grow from the root, and toward the base are heart-shaped. From the shape of the leaf the plant is sometimes known as liver-leaf. The leaves become leathery and thick, remaining green all winter. The hepatica grows on fringe of woods and in open pasture, is common in the eastern states, and grows westward to Minnesota and Missouri. It is a contemporary of the arbutus, truly a "brave little wilding."

Hepat'icae. Plants which form one of the two great divisions of bryophytes and are commonly known as liverworts. They occur in a variety of conditions, some floating on the water, many on damp soil and rocks and many on the trunks of trees. The form most commonly seen (marchantia) is a flat green body (thallus) prostrate on damp soil or rocks, especially dripping cliffs. This prostrate habit gives a dorsiventral body, that is. one whose two sides are

differently exposed and hence develop differently. In marchantia the upper or dorsal surface d e -velops chlorophyll and those str uctures connected with the work of chlorophyll, while the under or ventral surface is not green, but puts out numerous hair-like processes ("rhizoids") which lay hold of the substratum and act as anchoring and absorbing organs. On the upper surface of this liverwort and in some others little c up -like bodies (cupules) are often seen, which contain small reproductive bodies ("gem-mas"). At certain times vertical branches arise which bear the sex organs (antheridia and archegonia). Thi-green thallus body, therefore, is the game-tophyte. When the sexual spore (oSspore), produced in the archegonium by fertiliza-

HEPATIC^

Sections of Marchantia, showing chlorophyll tissue (c/ll), air-pore (sp), and rhizoids (h).

tion, germinates, it does not produce another thallus-body, but a more or less stalked spore-case full of asexual spores, among which are the curious "elaters" (which see). This spore-case, therefore, is the sporophyte, and when its spores germinate they produce the green thallus-body or gametophyte. This is a good illustration of alternation of generations (which see). There are three great liverwort lines: (i) Marchantiales, with thick bodies and even outlines, except for the dichotomous branching; (2) jungermanniales or "leafy liverworts," so named because the thin body is broken into two rows of close-set leaves and resembles a delicate moss; (3) antho-cerotales, in which the thin body bears a

Marchantia, showing the antheridial branch rising from, the thallus body.