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HENRY IV

864

HENRY, PATRICK

Henry IV of France and Navarre, sur-named The Great and The Good, was born in 1553 a^ Pau, France. In 1569 his mother, fearing that he would be abducted to Spain and raised in the Catholic faith, carried him to Rochelle and placed him in charge of the Huguenot army, at whose head he fought the battle of Jarnac. In 1572 he was married to the French king's sister, Margaret of Valois, but within a week the massacre of St. Bartholomew occurred, and he was spared only on condition of professing Catholicism. Having done this, he was for three years held in reality a prisoner at the court of France, but in 1576 he escaped and rejoined the Huguenot army. However, on the death of Henry III, his right of succession was disputed, and he determined by force of arms to gain his rights; but it was not until he had formally professed himself a member of the church of Rome in 1593 that he was crowned in the next year, though he had ostensibly been king since 1589. Peace was not concluded until some years later (1598), when he signed the famous Edict of Nantes, giving liberty of worship to Protestants. After 19 unsuccessful attempts on his life, he was on the 14th of May, 1610, assassinated by a fanatic named Ravaillac. Henry IV is by many held to be the greatest as well as the most really French of all the kings of France. See M. W. Freer's History of the Reign of Henry IV.

Henry IV, emperor of Germany, was born on Nov. n, 1050, elected king in 1054, and succeeded his father in 1056, his mother acting as regent. As with most of the mon-archs of his time, his chief struggles were with and on account of the church. When he began to rule in 1070, all were arrayed against him — people, nobles, church and state, and his life was spent in continual warfare. His son, Conrad, was induced by Pope Pascal II to revolt, and Henry was imprisoned by Conrad. He escaped to Liege, and there died on Aug. 7, 1106.

Henry, called The Lion (born 1129, died 1195), Duke of Saxony and Bavaria, was the son of Henry the Proud and the head of the Guelphs. Bavaria had been taken from his father, but was restored to Henry the Lion in 1154, making him the most powerful noble in Germany, his dominions stretching from the North Sea and the Baltic to the shores of the Adriatic. His great power caused many princes to band against him in 1166, but he was able to hold his ground against his enemies, even when the German emperor, Frederick I, placed him under the ban of the empire. Henry's rule was an enlightened one. He encouraged farming and trade, fostered the commerce of Hamburg and Liibeck, and was the founder of Munich.

Henry the Navigator, a famous Portuguese prince, the fourth son of King Joao I,

was born at Oporto in 1394. After the death of his father he took up his residence at Sagres, near Cape St. Vincent, and, while carrying on the war against the Moors, his sailors reached parts of the ocean never sailed before. His great ambition was to discover new worlds, and it was he who, single-handed, pushed Portugal into an unprecedented career of discovery. He erected an observatory and naval school at Sagres, and sent some of his pupils on voyages which resulted in the discovery of the Madeira Islands in 1418. Then he turned his attention to the Gold Coast of Guinea, and in 1442 one of his mariners sailed around Cape Nun and took possession as far as Cape Bojador. Next year a larger ship sailed 120 miles farther, and in 1440 Cape Blanco was reached. In 1446 his captain, Nuno Tristram, doubled Cape Verd, and in 1448. Gonzalez Vallo discovered three of the Azores. Henry died at Sagres, Portugal, Nov. 13, 1460. See Major's Life of Prince Henry.

Henry, Joseph, the foremost American physicist during the middle of the i9th century, was born at Albany, N. Y., Dec. 17, 1797, and died at Washington, D. C., May 13, 1878. Having completed his academic education at Albany, he began to study medicine, but shortly changed his mind and began teaching mathematics and physics at Albany Academy. In 1832 he was elected professor of physics in Princeton College, a position which he filled with distinction until 1846, when he resigned to accept the secretaryship of the then new Smithsonian Institution in Washington. His most important achievements perhaps, are the following:

i He showed how electro-magnets should be wound, and how cells should be joined into batteries to produce the largest possible effect at the distant end of a long line of wire, a problem whose solution was absolutely essential to successful telegraphy.

2. He   extended   Faraday's   results   by showing  that,   not   only   does   a  primary current induce a secondary, but this secondary produces   a  tertiary  in  the   same sense as the primary, etc.

3. He was the first to observe the oscillatory discharge of the Ley den jar, a phenomenon now employed daily in wireless telegraphy.

4. His   investigations   of  the   acoustical principles involved in the transmission of fog-signals and in the construction of large lecture-rooms are of the first order.

Henry, Patrick, one of the greatest orators of America, was born on May 29, 1736, in Hanover County, Va. After failing as a storekeeper and farmer, he became a law* yer. He acquired prominence by his defense against an unpopular tax-levy. He was a delegate to the first Continental