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HASTINGS

847

HAVANA

lozenges; or it may be taken as a medicine in the form of a resinous extract or tincture. The effects of hashish differ according to the dose or the constitution of the person using it. Some become quarrelsome; others are lost in reverie. Small doses are apt to produce causeless merriment. The unpleasant after-effects of opium seem to be different, but the hashish habit has the same evil results which follow all such indulgences.

Hastings (h&s'tlngz). The battle to which this name is usually given was fought at Sen-lac, near Hastings, between the English under King Harold and the Norman invaders under William the Conqueror on Oct. 14, 1066, the former being completely defeated. From that fatal day until now the place has been called Battle Hill. This battle, by which the Norman conquest of England was accomplished, is rated as one of the 15 decisive battles of history. Hastings is in Sussex County on the English Channel, about 60 miles southeast of London. Population 56,000. See Freeman's Norman Conquest, Vol. 3.

Hastings, Neb., county-seat of Adams County. There are five extensive brickyards, two flourmills, six lumberyards, two foundries, three sash and door factories, a cold storage plant and a packinghouse. The public buildings are the courthouse, city hall, opera house, Mason's temple, state asylum for the insane, city hospital, Hastings College and Academy and the Young Men's Christian Association. Hastings has five ward-schools and a fine high-school. Population 9,338.

Hastings, Warren, was born at Church-hill in Oxfordshire, England, Dec. 6, 1732. In 1750 he went out in the civil service of the East India Company, and was at first employed in Calcutta. He was in the country at the time of the Black Hole tragedy, but made his escape, joining the refugees at Falta Ghat, returning to England in 1764. In 1769 he returned to India as second-in-coun-cil at Madras, proceeding in 1772 to Bengal, where he was promoted to the presidency of the council. A year later the British parliament passed the Regulating Act, under which Hastings was to be governor-general at a handsome salary and to be assisted by a council of five members — three of them appointed from home. This began the trouble. The majority in council, led by Sir Philip Francis (1740-1818), were opposed to Hastings from the first; the finances were in great disorder; and the demands of the Company for remittances were frequent and urgent. Hastings made many internal reforms, and increased the territory and the revenues of the Company. Resigning in 1784, he returned to England, and soon was summoned before parliament for trial. The charges were mainly of giving aid and moneyjto the native princes and of receiving bribesr The interest at first was very great, and the elo-

quence of Burke, Pox and Sheridan drew large crowds. Many felt, however, that Hastings' public services overbalanced any mistakes he had made. He had prevailed in war, left Bengal in peace and founded an empire which no one thought of giving up. The famous trial lasted seven years, and of the original members of the house of lords who were present when Hastings was called to the bar, only 29 were left to give the final vote of acquittal (1795). He had spent his large property in his defense, and was supported during the remainder of his life by the East India Company. He died on Aug. 22, 1818. See History of India by Mill; Story of Nuncomar by J. F. Stephen; Essays by Macaulay; and Warren Hastings, in the Men of Action Series, by Alfred Lyall.

Haussmann (ps'mdn'}, Georges Eugene, was born at Paris, March 27, 1809. He entered the service of the state under Louis Philippe, and under Napoleon III became prefect of the Seine. While holding this office, his reputation was made by his improvement of Paris through widening streets, laying out boulevards and parks and building sewers, barracks, bridges and other public works. The beauty of modern Paris is largely due to Haussmann, and brought him the title of baron; but the enormous expenditure of over $175,000,000 was complained of by the citizens, and he was dismissed from office. "Haussmannizing" is a term now used for the reckless destruction of old buildings to make way for new improvements. Baron Haussmann died at Paris, Jan. n, 1891.

Hausto'ria (in plants), processes of various kinds sent out chiefly by parasitic plants for absorbing nourishment. In the case of surface parasites the haustoria penetrate the host and absorb its nutrition. In the case of internal parasites the haustoria penetrate the living cells and suck out their fluid contents. Naturally, haustoria are chiefly developed by the fungi, the group which has cultivated the parasitic habit more than any other. The mistletoe, however, is an example of a seed^plant which sends haustoria into the limbs of the trees upon which it grows. The singular is haustorium.

Havana (ha-van'a) or Havannah, capital of Cuba (q. v.) and the principal center of commerce in the West Indies, is situated on the north side of the island. Its magnificent, well-sheltered harbor is entered through a channel 350 yards wide, the entrance to which is defended by several forts. The streets of the older part of the town are narrow and dirty, and the harbor before the American occupancy was polluted by the town sewage. The modern portion, lying to the west, is joined to the older part by broad, tree-shaded avenues and gardens. The houses, which are low, are solidly built of stone, have flat roofs, verandas and barred windows reaching to the ground $ aM 9£Q gay