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HARMSWORTH

84*

HARPER

application to the structural and aesthetic

development of the greater forms of musical

art. C. B. CADY.

Harm'sworth, Alfred,  Lord   Northcliffe,

a well-known and enterprising newspaper and magazine proprietor, was born in 1865 at Chapelizod, near Dublin, Ireland. His career as a journalist began upon the staff of the Illustrated London News in 1862. He is the founder of Answers, the London Daily Mail (1896), owner of The Times and many periodicals. As Mr. Harmsworth, he equipped an Arctic expedition in 1894, known as the Jackson-Harmsworth expedition. While in the United States in 1900 he attracted general attention by his forecast, which was illustrated by an actual issue, that the newspaper of the future would be something like a quarto of thirty-two pages. In 1904 he was made a baronet, and in 1905, Lord Northcliffe. His brothers are associated with nim as publishers.

Harold II (har'uld), the last of the native English kings, was born about 1022, and was the son of Earl Godwin. At an early age he was made earl of the East Angles, and in 1053 succeeded to his father's earldom of the West Saxons. He became the right hand of Edward, king of the West Saxons (Edward the Confessor), and directed the affairs of the kingdom with a rare union of gentleness and vigor. King Edward died at the beginning of 1066, and with his last breath recommended that Harold be chosen king. He was crowned on Jan. 6, and at once was called to defend himself against two formidable enemies. Tostig, whose earl-tdom of Northumbria had been taken, securing the aid of the king of Norway, marched against him. Harold met his enemy at Stamford Bridge, and defeated him after a bloody struggle. Four days later William, duke of Normandy, landed on the English coast. Harold hastened to meet him and fell on the bloody field of Hastings or Senlac (Oct. 14, 1066). No king ever fought more heroically for his crown. His tragic story has been made the subject of a novel by Bulwer-Lytton and of a drama by Tennyson. See History of the Norman Conquest by Freeman.

Haroun=al=Raschid (hd-ron'dl-rash'id) or Aaron the Just, caliph of Bagdad, was born in 763 and became caliph in 786. He was a scholar and poet, and by his taste and hospitality made his court the center of all the wit, learning and art of the Moslem world. The government of his kingdom he left to his grand vizier, Barmecide Gahya, and his four sons, and they served him well. But at length Haroun conceived a deep hatred of the vizier and his sons, and in 803 caused them to be put to death. The affairs of the kingdom now quickly fell into confusion, and rebellion broke out in every corner of the empire. Haroun marched in person against the rebels, but was attacked with apoplexy

and died at Tus in March, 809. Haroun the Magnificent is made the hero of many of the stories of the Arabian Nights, which have thrown a false halo around his memory; for with all his accomplishments he was in heart cruel. See Life by E. H. Palmer, in the New Plutarch Series.

Harp, a stringed musical instrument, much esteemed by the ancients. The Egyptian harp is shown in the most ancient sculpture, and stood seven feet high. The harp mentioned in the Bible was small, and could easily be carried in the hand. In Ireland the harp was a favorite instrument from the remotest times. The Italians of the middle ages believed their harp to be derived from Ireland. The most familiar forms of the harp are the Italian, the mediaeval and the pedal harp. The first is now little used, being very imperfect. The second is in the form of a triangle, with a sound-board and gut-strings. It is always tuned in the key of the music, while the strings are altered to suit any variations from the key by pressure of the finger or by turning the tuning-pins of certain notes. The pedal harp has seven pedals, by which each note of the scale, in all the different octaves, can be made a semitone higher.

Har'per's Ferry, a town of West Virginia 81 miles west of Baltimore. It is situated amid beautiful scenery at the junction of the Shenandoah and Potomac Rivers, where the latter is crossed by the bridge of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. It is celebrated as the scene of John Brown's raid in 1859; and here in 1862 a Union force of 11,000 men surrendered to Stonewall Jackson. Population 766.

Harper, William Rainey a prominent American scholar and educator. He was

born at New Concord, Mus-kingum County, O., July 26, 1856. He graduated at fourteen from the Presbyterian College in New Concord, and later studied at Yale University. He was principal of a Masonic institute for boys at Macon, Tenn., in 1875, and in 1876 was placed in charge of Den-nison University, a Baptist college, at Gran-ville, O. He became professor of Semitic languages in the Baptist Theological Seminary, near Chicago, in 1879. From 1886 to 1891 he was professor of Semitic languages and Woolsey professor of Biblical literature at Yale University. In the latter

WILLIAM RAINEY HARPER