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HAGUE

824

HAIR

Hague, The, the official capital of the Netherlands, situated in the province of South Holland. It lies within three miles of the North Sea and about 34 southwest of Amsterdam. It is the handsomest, most fashionable and most modern-looking city in the Netherlands, and has been described as half-Dutch and half-French. It is the seat of the government, of both chambers of the states-general and of other tribunals and public offices, in one of which the state-papers have been preserved for four hundred years. The most important public institutions are the royal library, with over 200,000 volumes; the picture-gallery, with a splendid collection of works by native painters; the town-museum of antiquities and modern art; the royal school of design and music; the town-hall; and the royal palaces. It was here, in 1899 and 1907, that the Czar's International Peace Conferences met. Population 270,109.

Hahnemann(hd'ne-mdri), Christian Fried= rich Samuel, the founder of the homoeopathic school of medicine, was born at Meissen, in Saxony, April 10, 1755. He studied in the Electors' School at Meissen and afterward at the universities at Leipsic and Vienna. After practicing as a physician for two years, he entered the university at Erlangen, from which he graduated in 1779. After practicing medicine for ten years, he returned to Leipsic in 1789 and devoted himself to chemical research and the translation of medical books. While working on Cullen's Materia Medico,, he was struck by the unsatisfactory explanation given of the properties of Peruvian bark. He took repeated doses of the bark, in order to find out what kind of action it had on persons in health. After much study and many experiments he became convinced that the cure for a disease is the very drug which would in a healthy person produce symptoms of such a disease. Further experiments convinced him that the usual doses produced symptoms much too violent, and this led him to consider another principle — that of small doses. Fully convinced of the truth of these principles, Hahnemann spent the remainder of his life in making them known to mankind. He met with great opposition, both from physicians and druggists, and finally, in 1821, was driven from Leipsic under a Grman law forbidding a physician to dispense his own medicine. He went to K5then, where he resided and practiced under the protection of the Duke of Anhalt-Kothen until 1835, when he removed to Paris, where he died July 2, 1843.

Hail, globules of ice of various sizes, which fall in the atmosphere after the manner of rain. The phenomenon is observed only in hot weather and generally during the daytime. Hail-storms last seldom more than a few minutes. Jf a hail-stone be

cut in two, it will "be found to be built up mostly of concentric layers of ice. The explanation of this structure and of hailstorms in general is imperfectly understood; but it appears highly probable that they are brought about by a cyclone or tornado having an axis parallel to the surface of the earth. The motion of the atmosphere about this axis may be so rapid as to carry raindrops from the lower and warmer to the upper and colder regions. In the higher regions the water becomes frozen, and at every round trip takes on a new coat of ice, thus accounting for the concentric layers.

Hail Columbia. Popular American national song. Words by Judge Hopkinson to a tune known as The President's March. The authorship of this march has been claimed for Pfyles, the leader of a theater orchestra, and for a German musician by the name of Johannes Roth. The marcn was played for the first time as Washington rode over Trenton Bridge on his way to be inaugurated. It soon became popular, and, in John Adams' presidency, at a period of great political excitement, was wedded to the words of Judge Hopkinson. The followers of Jefferson and Madison naturally derided the song, which nevertheless became a national song, regarded as one of the most stirring of its class. The crudities of the earliest version have largely disappeared in the one now in common use.

Hai' ley bury. An important town on the shore of Lake Temiskaming and on the line of the Temiskaming Railway. In the midst of a rich mining-district, and adjacent to a first-class agricultural settlement. See TEMISKAMING.

Hair, a growth from the outer layer of cells in mammals affording a protection and

known as fur, hair etc. It corresponds to feathers and scales, and may form a d e n s e covering for the entire body, except the soles of the fore and hind feet, or may be confined to special regions. Hair grows sparsely on nearly all parts of the human body except the palms and soles. Hair grows from a tubular pocket or follicle which is produced by a sinking-in of the skin. At the bottom of the pouch is a rounded heap or cluster of cells containing a knot of blood-vessels; this is called the hair-papilla, and from it the hair grows and is nourished. The follicle is provided with oil-glands that keep the hair soft.

HAIRS  OF VARIOUS   ANIMALS MAGNIFIED

(a)Indian bat; (b)mouse; (c)sable; (d) human