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HAFIZ

largest cod; the average size cattglit weigh from three to four pounds, and the largest ones do not weigh over 17 pounds. They are found on the codfishing grounds, but are more limited in their range; swimming in large schools, they are more bunched together. Their eggs are very numerous, as is also the case with the cod; it has been estimated that there are nearly two million eggs in a single fish weighing ten pounds.

HacTley, Arthur Twining, American economist and president of Yale University, was born at New Haven, Conn., April 23, 1856, and educated at Yale, from which he graduated in 1876. He subsequently passed two years at the University sof Berlin, studying history and political and economic science. Returning to the United States, he became tutor and lecturer at Yale, being at the same time interested in labor-problems and in the science of railroad-transportation, on which he became an authority. In 1899, being at the time professor of political science in the graduate department of Yale, he was elected president of the University. He also became president of the American Economists' Association, and, in addition to a series of articles on transportation in Lalor's Cyclopedia of Political Science, he has published Railway Transportation; Economics; and a history of Yale in Four American Universities.

Ha'drian, Publius ^Elius Hadrianus, Roman emperor from 117 to 138 A. D. He was born at Rome in 76 A. D., and in early life was under the patronage of Trajan, who was his kinsman. He filled several high offices in the state, and served with distinction in both the Dacian campaigns; and on the return of Trajan to Italy was left as prefect of Syria and commander of the legions which had conquered the Parthian empire. Trajan having died in Cilicia on his journey home, Hadrian was proclaimed emperor by the army. The empire was in a critical state. There were insurrections in Egypt, Palestine and Syria, the warlike Parthians had again asserted their independence, while the provinces were suffering from barbarian attacks. Hadrian wisely decided upon a policy of conciliation. He surrendered to the Parthians all the country beyond the Euphrates, appeased the barbarians who had invaded the frontier

grovinces, strengthened himself at Rome by ghtening the burdens of the people, while

he punished with severity a conspiracy of certain nqbles against his life. In 119 he left Rome and made a tour of the empire for the purpose of learning the needs of all the provinces. He is said to have made this journey chiefly on foot, marching-15are-headed, often 20 miles a day, and cheerfully sharing the hard fare of the humblest soldier. He visited Gaul, Germany and Britain, where he built the famous wall from the Solway to the Tyne. Returning, he visited Spain, Egypt, Asia Minor and Greece, reaching Rome^ after his circuit of the empire in 126 or 127 A. D. Later, he again visited the eastern provinces, spending two years in Athens, which he adorned with splendid and costly buildings. After crushing a great rebellion of the Jews, which broke out in 131 acid lasted for several years, he returned to Italy and lived at Rome. During the painful illness of which he died in 138, he was guilty of violent outbursts of cruelty, which cast a shadow on the luster of his early reign.

Haeckel (hdk'ty, Ernst Heinrich, one of the ablest German naturalists, was born at Potsdam, Feb. 16, 1834. He studied medicine and allied sciences at Wiirzburg, Berlin and Vienna, and in 1865 became professor of zoology at the University of Jena, a position he has held ever since. He has traveled extensively,' made many original investigations and written important works in zoology and other subjects. He is the most aggressive representative of the evolutionary ideas as to man's origin. With less poise and more impulsiveness than Huxley, he has been the popular exponent in Germany, as Huxley was in England, of biological discoveries. His Riddle^ of the Universe, Monism and The Last Link represent his p^oint of view on many subjects of deep interest. Among his best-known works are The History of Creation and Evolution of Man. Haeckel founded the gastraea theory, to the effect that the common ancestor of higher animals was a gastrula or animal whose body consists of a two-cell-layered sac, the opening being the mouth and the interior the stomach. His other important works are Origin and Development of the Human Race' General Morphology; A Visit to Ceylon; Confessions of Faith of a Man of Science; and several monographs on insect, shell and other minute life.

Hafiz (ha'fiz),Mohammed Shamsuddin or Shems«ed-Din (i. e., Son of the Faith), better known by his poetical name of Hafiz, is conceded to be the greatest of Persian lyrical poets. He was also eminent as a teacher of theology and mystic philosophy, but it was his poetic genius which gained for him a world-wide fame. The date of his birth is unknown, but he i§ said to have died at a ripe old age in 1388 A. D. See English translations of some of the Odes by J^ove, Bichnell and Robinson.

ARTHUR T. HADLEY