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GUIANA

GUILD

pire and Browning's Guelphs and Ghibel-lines.

Guiana (ge-d'nd), a country in South America, lying between the Orinoco and the Amazon, with the Atlantic Ocean on the east. It is properly divided into five sections, but two of these are united with Brazil and Venezuela, the other three being British, Dutch and French Guiana.

Surface. There is a narrow strip of fertile soil bordering on the Atlantic, and in this lies the only agricultural wealth of the country. The rest forms a series of terraces and low mountains, in no place reaching a height of over 3,200 feet.

Climate and Drainage. The climate is hot and moist, the average temperature being 80° to 84° P., and the rainfall from 75 to 100 inches in British and Dutch Guiana and about 140 inches annually in French Guiana. The rivers of the country are many, forming a large chain crossed at their upper parts by many channels and canals, thus affording abundant irrigation, but are with difficulty navigated on account of mud-banks, sand-banks and rapids.

BRITISH GUIANA or DEMERARA, with a coast-line of 320 miles, is separated from Dutch Guiana by the Corentyn River, the other boundaries on the south and west being yet unsettled. The total area, including the settlements of Demerara, Esse-quibo and Berbice, is 90,277 square miles. In the west there are two mountain-ranges running from west to east, the whole forming the Pacaraima or Parima mountain-system. Among the larger rivers are the Corentyn, Berbice, Demerara, Essequibo, Waini and Barima, all flowing north into the Atlantic. The chief exports are sugar, rum, molasses, timber, shingles, cocoanuts, charcoal and gums. The population, amounting to 305,090 in 1909, consisted of Europeans, Creoles, negroes, coolies, natives of the Azores and about 7,650 Indians. The colony is divided into three counties, with the government at the capital, Georgetown (pop. 53,176), in the hands of a governor appointed by the crown and two legislative councils. New Amsterdam at the mouth of the Berbice River is a growing settlement. Besides the river-navigation, 450 miles in extent, there are some 40 miles of railway. The dispute between Britain and Venezuela over the international boundary was settled by arbitration, Oct. 3, 1899. British Guiana is rich in gold, the product of which in 1910-11 was 54,989 ounces, valued at $1,002,400. The revenue for the same year amounted to $2,815,000 and the expenditure to $2,714,000; while the exports were close upon $8,650,000 and the imports amounted to $8,750,000.

DUTCH GUIANA or SURINAM, with a coastline of about 240 miles and an area of 46,0^8 square miles, is bounded on the west by the Qorentyn River? on the east by th§ Maroni

River and on the south by the Acarai Mountains. Its other rivers are the Surinam, Soramacca, Coppename and Nicke-rice, all flowing into the Atlantic. The exports are bananas, sugar, rum, molasses and cocoa, although the total cultivated area is only about 210 square miles. Gold is also one of the exports since the discovery in 1875.^ Surinam's capital is Paramaribo (population 34,795), where resides the governor at the head of an executive council. The population in 1909 was 82,739, besides 4,000 negroes and 1,200 Indians. Slavery was abolished in 1863. t FRENCH GUIANA or CAYENNE, with a coastline of about 240 miles and an area of 30,500 square miles, is separated from Dutch Guiana on the west by the Maroni and from Brazil by the- Tumuc-Humac Mountains and the Oyapoc River. The other rivers are the Mana, Sinnamary, Kourou and App>oronague. The commerce of the country is almost nil. The country is unhealthy, and the number of inhabitants is gradually diminishing. The entire population in 1911 was 49,009. The area of the colony is 30,500 square miles; the capital is Cayenne (pop. 12,798). From 1853 to 1864 there was an attempt to found a penal colony, but on account of the unhealthiness of the climate it failed, partially, though in 1910 there was a penal population of more than six thousand. In 1909 the revenue and expenditure budget balanced at about 3,497,000 francs, independently of what the mother-country expends on the penal establishment.

History. Guiana was first explored by Europeans in 1499 and 1500; but the first permanent settlements were made by the Dutch about 1613 at Essequibo, by the English at Surinam in 1650 and by the French at Oyapoc in 1626. See British Guiana by Bronkhurst and Dutch Guiana by Palgrave.

Gui'do Aretin'usor Gufdo d' Arezzo (gwef-do a-r^t'sd) (995-1050), was the first to use movable do. He is credited with the invention of the principle upon which the stave is constructed and with the F and C clefs. The claim to other inventions attributed to him is uncertain.

Guild (gild), the name of an association, many of which were formed and flourished during the middle ages. The exact purpose of the guild cannot be determined, inasmuch as it bore no resemblance whatever to the trades' union of to-day, although it consisted of an association of the merchant and industrial classes. Guilds are first mentioned in England in the 7th century and on the continent in the time of Charlemagne in 779. They were divided mainly into two classes: the merchant-guilds and the craft-guilds or, as we should call them, trade-guilds. The merchant's guild protected the business of its rnembers? and opened and create4