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GUAYAQUIL

810

GUELPHS

south of Mexico and between the Gulf of Honduras and the Pacific. Its estimated area is 48,290 square miles, but the greater part is yet unexplored, thus making maps merely guess-work.

Surface and Drainage. The country is mountainous, and has several volcanoes, the most noted of which is Fuego (12,075 feet in height). Guatemala is well-watered and drained by its principal rivers, the Usumacinta, Polochic and Motagua. Its valleys are noted for their beauty and fertility. Its climate is warm, pleasant and generally healthy, its rainy season extending from April to October.

Natural Resources. Unexplored as it is, Guatemala has not yet developed the richness of its mineral resources; but gold, silver, iron, copper, coal, quicksilver, gypsum, salt and saltpeter are mined to some extent, while perhaps its greatest wealth lies in the richness of its soil.

Exports and Manufactures. Its chief exports are coffee, sugar, cacao, tobacco, cotton, sisal hemp, sarsaparilla and fruits. Its principal manufactures are woven fabrics, pottery and saddlery. The revenue in one recent year amounted to $34,000,000, and the expenditure to about $20,500,000. The military force under arms numbered 7,000 officers and men, besides the reserve.

Education. Free primary schools, of which there are 1,064, are being established and these have about 36,500 pupils. The capital is Guatemala la ISFueva (pop. 96,560).

Inhabitants. About one third of its population is said to be of European descent and the remainder native; but this division is hardly correct, as it fails to take into account the many mixed and half breeds, which cannot be properly classified. The entire population numbers 1,992,000, about 60 per cent, being pure Indian.

History. Guatemala was conquered by Cortes in 1524, and for three centuries remained under a harsh rule before independence was declared.. A confederacy, formed in 1821, was maintained until 1839, when it was conquered by Rafael Carrera, an ignorant Indian, who ruled until his death in 1865. During the presidency of General Barrios, from 1871 till 1885, the country made considerable progress in every direction. Its president to-day (1908) is Don Manuel Estrado Cabrera. The legislative power is, together with the executive, vested in the president and the national assembly. See Keane's Central and South America and Brigham's Guatemala.

Guayaquil (gwi'd-kel'), the capital of the province of Guayas, on the river of the same name, in the republic of Ecuador, South America. It lies at the head of an estuary of the Gulf of Guayaquil, about 170 miles south-southwest of Quito, and is the chief seaport of the republic. The city is well-laid out, and is adorned with a handsome

cathedral, a university, bishop's palace and other fine edifices, though its low, swampy ground makes it unhealthy. It is subject to earthquake shocks, and its lack of good drinking-water produces epidemics of yellow fever. Its exports include cocoa, coffee, cotton, hides, rubber and nuts. The Guayaquil and Quito Railroad is now open from Duran (opposite Guayaquil) to Riobamba, while motor-cars run also from Quito to Riobamba. Population in the neighborhood of 80,000.

Quelph, in the county of Wellington, Ontario, has a population of 14,789. Sometimes it is called, because of its name, The Royal City. It owns its waterworks, gas and electric lighting works. Its park on the banks of the Speed is much admired. It is chiefly known because of the agricultural college located there. This college gives instruction in subjects connected with agriculture, combining practical and scientific work, to 800 students. Every alternate afternoon the students are required to take part in practical farming operations. The farm itself in connection with it contains 350 acres. The dairy-school is one of the best of the kind in any country. Graduates of this school are to be found holding high positions as professors and teachers all over the continent. The Macdonald Institute (founded by Sir William Macdonald of Montreal), in which teachers of home-science are trained, is located here. Guelph is the live-stock center of the province. Important manufacturing industries (carpets, organs, agricultural implements, etc.) are profitably established here.

Guelphs (gwelfs) and Ghibellines (gib'-e-linz), the names of two great parties, the conflict between whom forms a great part of the history of Italy and Germany from the nth to the 14th century. The Guelphs composed the papal and popular party; the Ghibelimes the aristocratic and imperial party. The names come originally from Welf and Waiblingen, the names of two German families, the former being still represented in the house now ruling in England. The names, as applied to the parties, came into use from the era of the battle of Weinsberg, fought in 1140 between Emperor Conrad and Welf. In this contest the cities of Italy took sides, Florence, Bologna, Milan, Modena, Ravenna and others siding with the Guelphs, while Pisa, Lucca and Arezzo were Ghibelline. The northern cities, as a rule, were Ghibelline, while the central and southern inclined toward the Guelphs, although all, as well as the leading Italian families, shifted and changed as occasion and interest required. This continued for years, until the mention of either name became a general signal for bitter personal warfare, the people no longer fighting from principle but from habit See Bryce's The Holy Roman Em-