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GRAMOPHONE

791

GRANADA

using incorrect English in spite of their study of grammar. 3. English grammar and the methods of teaching it were based upon the old methods and ideas applied to Latin and Greek. But these studies have now been almost wholly dropped out of the elementary schools. 4. The science of grammar is formal and abstract, and by many is supposed to be difficult for children, at least until they reach the seventh or eighth grades. Some, however, would claim that this is the special reason why it should be taught, because it introduces pupils to a more abstract form of thinking than other studies.

The general tendency of modern education is to make all studies more concrete and realistic; and, in agreement with this notion, geography, nature-study, stories and literature, history and manual training have gained a more important place in schools, while grammar has lost.

The real value of grammar may be stated thus: All human thought is expressed chiefly through language and, at bottom, the rules of correct thinking are involved in the study of grammar. Correct language is the popular form of logical thinking. To analyze sentences, to examine the structure and arrangement of the parts, to study the various modes of expressing thought and shades of thought grammatically — these activities have always been regarded as the most fundamental and universal method of disciplining the intellectual faculties. In this respect grammar contributes an element of logical accuracy to all studies and lays a basis for correct thinking. The study of grammar (in spite of the criticism mentioned above) also teaches correct usage. Students of more mature years are greatly helped in correcting their faults by insight into the rules of grammar. They learn to criticise themselves and the wrong usages to which they have been accustomed.

The method of teaching grammar has been a subject of much controversy among educators. The older grammars were essentially deductive, proceeding from rules and principles to examples and further applications. Some of the later grammars have emphasized the inductive approach to the rules of grammar. In the inductive method the analysis of sentences is put first. Out of this study of sentences develop later the rules of syntax and the classifications of forms o* speech and usages. Some of the more recent grammars have taught the subject as a thought-study, an analysis of the processes of thinking rather than a formal treatment of words and sentences.

Students in the high-school, employed in the study of German or French (or it may be Latin or Greek), are believed to receive a grammatical training superior to that given by the study of English. A chief argument for the study of Latin is first its linguistic disciplinary training and second

its reflex influence upon English grammar and speech. Latin has had a great historical influence in determining the development of English speech. It has supplied many words and phrases and has shaped English speech through great writers who were fully saturated with the Latin language and Latin style. See Chubb's The Teaching of English; Hinsdale's The Teaching of the Language Arts; Whitney's Grammar; and Carpenter's The Teaching of English (Baker and Scott). C. A. McMuRRY.

Gram'ophone. This apparatus is a modification of the graphophone, and like the graphophone is based upon Edison's phonograph. In the gramophone the cylindrical record is discarded, being replaced by a disc or, rather, two discs. One of these discs is of rubber and generates the sound; the other, upon which the record is written and of which the rubber disc is an exact copy, is of glass, with a lamp-black surface upon which the stylus may write the records. The invention of the disc is due to Emile Berliner (1887). A feature of the gramophone is that the record groove does not only vibrate, but serves to propel the reproducing stylus.

Gram'pians, a mountain system of the Scottish highlands. Some apply it to the chain on the border of the Lowland plain between Dumbarton and Stonehaven, and others include the range from Stonehaven to Ben Nevis. It also is a range in West Victoria, Australia.

Granada (gra-nd'da}, formerly a Moorish kingdom of Spain, but now divided, having an area only of 4,937 square miles and a population under 500,000. It has been under Spanish rule since 1492.

Granada, capital of the province and, formerly, of the kingdom of Granada, lies at the foot of the Sierra Nevada, on the right bank of the Jenil. It is beautifully situated, about 2,000 feet above the sea. The city has become dull and sleepy, its market and squares, university and jasper and marble-decorated cathedral being its chief objects of interest. The industry and trade amount to almost nothing. The university was founded in 1531 and has several hundred students. It is known, however, to have been one of the most splendid cities of the Old World in the days of its prosperity. It was founded by the Moors in the 8th century, and rapidly became important for art and industry, having a population in 1492 of 400,000. It was surrounded by a strong wall with 1,030 towers. The Moorish palace of the Al-hambra (q.v.), still beautiful in its ruins, the unfinished palace of Charles V and many other buildings tell of its former grandeur. It was captured by Ferdinand and Isabella in 1492, but still prospered under Spanish authority until the final expulsion of the Moors in 1609, which