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GARFIELD year he became president of Hiram College, and at the same time preached and studied law. He was elected to the state senate in 1859, and on the outbreak of the Civil War he became colonel of the 42d Ohio volunteers. For gallantry he was made brigadier-general, being the youngest of that rank in the service. He served at Shiloh and at Corinth, and in Alabama was appointed chief of staff of the Army of the Cumberland, and, again for gallantry at the battle of Chickamauga, was made a major-general of volunteers. He resigned shortly after to enter Congress, at thirty-two, where he remained until 1880, being, after the removal of Mr. Blaine to the senate in 1876, the recognized leader of the Republican side of the house. In 1880 he was elected a United States senator, nominated for the presidency at Chicago, and elected by the votes of nearly all the northern states. On July 2, 1881, four months after his inauguration, he was shot in the depot of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad in Washington, by Charles Guiteau, a disappointed office-seeker. For months he lingered between life and death, and at last died on Sept. 19, 1881, at Elberon, N. J., where he had been taken in the hope of saving his life. Funeral services were held over his remains in the rotunda of the capitol, and he was buried at Cleveland, O. See Life by J. R. Gilmore.

 Garfield, James Rudolph, born in Ohio in 1865, is a son of President Garfield. He studied law at Columbia, after graduating from Williams College. In 1896 he became a Republican member of the senate of Ohio. Since 1903 Mr. Garfield has been the Commissioner of Corporations in the Department of Commerce and Labor, and has discharged the trying duties of his office with great ability.  Garibaldi, Giuseppe, an Italian patriot, was born at Nice, July 4, 1807. Beginning his career as a sailor, his voyages filled him with that democratic ardor which marked his whole life. In 1834 he was concerned in the Young Italy movement of Mazzini, and was condemned to death, but escaped and went to South America. Here he assisted the province of Rio Grande in its rebellion against the emperor of Brazil, distinguished himself as a guerrilla and privateer, and married a beautiful Creole who

became the companion of his early campaigns. After various adventures he entered the service of the Montevideans.

In 1848 he returned to his native country, and entered with ardor into the struggle for Italian independence. He won fresh laurels as a leader, but in the following year was compelled to leave Italy. He came to the United States, where he remained till 1854. He then once more sought Italy, and in 1859 the outbreak of the war of Italian liberation called him again to arms. He placed his sword at the disposal of Victor Emanuel, and though much hampered by conflicting parties, he and his Red Shirts, as his men were called, won many victories. He freed Naples and Sicily from the Bourbons and turned them over to Victor Emanuel. But in an attack on Rome he was wounded and captured. Soon after he made a journey to England, on behalf of Denmark, and was received with the wildest enthusiasm. In the Austro-Prussian War of 1866 he once more figured, and in another attack on Rome was captured, but escaped in a boat to Caprera, his island home. He came to the assistance of the French republic in its struggle with Germany, and was elected to the national French assembly.

During the latter part of his life he remained a helpless invalid at Caprera, except when he came forth to take his seat in the chamber of deputies at Rome. He died on June 2, 1882. Though Garibaldi made many mistakes, his patriotism is undoubted, and he will always remain a central figure in the story of Italian independence. See J. T. Brent's Life of Garibaldi.

 Gar′land, Hamlin, American novelist and short-story writer, was born at West Salem in the La Crosse valley, Wis., Sept. 16, 1861, and was educated in Iowa and in Boston, Mass. Until 1881 he worked on his father's farm, spent some time in Dakota, then proceeded east, where he taught English literature in private schools in Boston and its neighborhood, and published his first book in 1890. Since then he has devoted himself to lecturing and writing. Besides a collection of verse, entitled Prairie Songs, he has published Rose of Dutcher's Coolly; A Member of the Third House;