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FORT WAYNE

699

FORTIFICATION

Fort Wayne, the county-seat of Allen County, in northeastern Indiana, is 148 miles southeast of Chicago. It is situated at the head of Maumee River, covers nearly 15 square miles, and is the third city of Indiana in population.. It is an important steam and interurban railway-center, has a large number of manufactures, including knitting-mills, car-wheel and machine-shops, agricultural implements and electrical apparatus, shirt waist and glove-manufactories, steam-engine works etc. The public buildings are exceptionally fine. It has many school-buildings and churches, and is the seat of a Catholic bishopric. Con-cordia College, a nourishing institution of the German Lutheran church, is located in Fort Wayne. Its population in 1900 was 45,115, and it has a present population of

63>933-

Fort William, situated on the north shore of Lake Superior, is four hundred and twenty-seven miles east of Winnipeg, at the mouth of Kaministiquia River. The river affords a natural harbor where vessels drawing twenty feet of water can sail for five miles, and both of its banks can be used for manufacturing sites. The city's population is about 10,000. It is the lake terminus of the Canadian Pacific and of the Grand Trunk. It also is on the Canadian Northern. The whole northwest is dependent on Fort William for the outlet of its products. Its growth is rapid and safe. Large sums are being spent by the government for improving its harbor, to better the facilities for handling the ever increasing business of the Canadian marine. The Olgilvie Flour-Mills Co., the Canadian Iron and Foundry Co. and other large industrial concerns are located here. The amount of merchandise brought into Fort William by vessel for transshipment is immense.

Fort Worth, a city and important railroad center in northern Texas, county-seat of Tarrant County, lies where the West and Clear Forks of Trinity River flow to-

fether, about 170 miles north of Austin, t is, next to Dallas, the most important railroad-center in northern Texas, and is the greatest horse and mule-market of the southwest. The country surrounding it is a rich farming region, producing cotton, grain and fruits. The water-supply is obtained from Clear River and two hundred artesian wells. In 1907 it had 60 miles of electric railways. The court-house, city-hall, chamber of commerce and high-school buildings are noteworthy, as are also several of the churches. The swimming-school, costing $70,000, is one of the institutions of the city. Besides large stock-yards and meat-packing establishments, here are the car-works and shops of the Fort Worth and Denver, Texas Pacific and Rio Grande railroads. The Roman Catholics have an academy, and Fort Worth University is

located here, as is also a Polytechnic College. The city possesses an excellent public-school system, several business colleges and a medical school. There are rolling-mills, iron-foundries, a jute-factory, a woven-wire factory and manufactories of flour, cotton and woolen goods, leather etc. There was but one house within the city-limits in 1872; the number of its inhabitants in 1876 was only a little over 1,000. The population, which in 1900 was 26,688, is at present 73>312-

Forth, a river and firth of Scotland. The river is formed by two head-streams, the Duchray and the Dhu, rising within a mile of Aberfoyle and not far from Ben Lomond. The Firth of Forth extends 51 miles eastward from Alloa to the German Ocean. Its waters are from three to thirty-seven fathoms deep. In 1882-89 a great railway bridge was built across the firth at Queens-ferry, being one and a quarter miles in length.

For'tifica'tion is the military art of strengthening a place against the attack of troops. There are two branches, called field and permanent fortification. Field-fortification includes such slight intrenchments and field-defenses as can be thrown up by the troops themselves during the few hours before a battle, as well as fieldworks requiring days or weeks to build. Permanent fortification deals with engineering works for the defense of points of importance. Years may be spent in finishing them, and iron and masonry are largely used in building them. Field-fortification, while aiming at giving the defenders of a chosen position all the advantages of cover from the enemy's fire and of forcing him to advance over open ground swept by their fire, must also allow free movement for countercharges. A position is made ready for attack by loopholing any buildings, which may stand on it, and the walls around them, strengthening the cover afforded by ditches and hedges along the front or by throwing up breastworks and digging rifle-pits, with deep trenches in the rear for supports and gun-pits for artillery. Parts of this line should be so placed as to flank an attack on the front, and no cover should be left for the enemy during his advance. Hollows, which cannot be seen from the front, should be filled with brushwood. To oppose the advance of the enemy an abattis is often used. This is a row of tree-branches, sharpened and laid with points outward. Entanglements are also used; either of brushwood cut halfway through and woven together with wire run through it or of several lines of barbed wire fastened to stakes. Only the more important points of such a position are really fortified by building field-redoubts, usually in the form of a square, forming strong points in the main line, advanced posts in its front or a