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FOLLICLE

689

FOOD

ballads and tales, with the recording of customs and ceremonials, began with the 19th century, though there had been some work done in this field before, as Percy's Reliques of Ancient English Poetry; Scott's Minstrelsy of the Scottish Border (1802). The Home Stories of the brothers Grimm (1812); Grimm's German Mythology; Fairy Legends and Traditions of the South of Ireland by Croker; Popular Rhymes of Scotland by Robert Chambers; and Legends of the Punjab are examples of the work already done. The Grimm brothers, who almost created this science, spent 13 years in collecting their stories from the lips of peasants. Not only have these collections been made in all countries, but folkfore societies have been formed! and several folklore journals founded. The English Folklore Society, founded in 1878, has its organ, The Folklore Journal. There are three folklore journals published in France, and a congress of students of the subject was held in Paris in 1889. The American Folklore Society, instituted at Cambridge, Mass., early in 1888, has for its object the collection of old English folklore, the lore of negroes in the southern states, of Indian tribes, the French folklore of Canada and the Spanish folklore of Mexico and California. The study of folklore is not entirely for amusement or curiosity. By comparing the records thus collected of ancient peoples and times, much is learned of the relation of races and languages to each other, thus adding to the materials for the studies of ethnology and philology. See Custom and Myth, Lang; Myth and Mythmakers, Fiske; and Curious Myths of the Middle Ages, Baring-Gould.

Fol'Hcle, a dry pod-like fruit which splits down one side. See FruiT.

Fond du Lac, Wis., county-seat of Fond du Lac County. Lies in a fine farming district at the head of Lake Winnebago, has three railroads and manufactures lumber, sash, doors, blinds, agricultural implements, leather, boots and shoes, caskets, tents, awnings, refrigerators, furniture, saw-mill machinery, overalls, workshirts, typewriters, tables, dustless brooms and boats. The high school, court house, opera-house, Elks' Club, Masonic Temple, St. Agnes' Hospital, Graf ton Hall (girls' seminary), Y. M. C. A., armory, postoffice and a number of churches are its principal buildings. It is lighted by electricity, has extensive waterworks, 25 miles of paved streets, and is noted for the excellence and number of its artesian wells. Population 18,797. Fond du Lac is an excellent example of the development of natural resources by business enterprise.

Fontaine. See LA FONTAINE.

Fontainebleau (fon'tdn'blo') a town in France, beautifully situated in the midst of a forest, near the left bank of the Seine, 37 miles southeast of Paris. It is chiefly

famous for its chateau, the pleasure-palace of the kings of Prance. Founded by Robert the Good in the loth century, it has been added to by almost every king of France, so that it bears the architectural style of almost every century. It was here that Pope Pius VII was detained a prisoner for nearly two years by Napoleon, and here also Napoleon signed his act of abdication in 1814. The forest surrounding the chateau covers 65 square miles. The modern city furnishes a great deal of wine and fruit for Paris, and has manufactories of porcelain. Population about 15,000.

Fontenoy (fdnt'nwd'), a village in Belgium, the scene of a battle on May n, 1745, between the French, 60,000 strong, and the English, Dutch and Austrians in equal force. After a hard fight the allies were forced to retreat, the loss on each side being about 7,000 men.

Foochow or Fuchau, the capital of the Chinese province of Fu-chien or Fukien is situated on Min River, 25 miles from its mouth. The town proper is surrounded with walls nearly 30 feet high and 10 feet wide at the top. The trade is principally in tea, the shipments in 1897-98 amounting to nearly a million pounds sterling or close upon six million Haikwan taels. The imports are opium, cotton goods and lead, whose total value in 1^05 was over seven million taels. It was opened to foreign, commerce in 1842, and is one of the largest mission-stations in China. Lines of the imperial Chinese telegraph connect Fuchau with Shanghai, Amoy, Canton and Ningpo. Population 624,000.

Food, that which nourishes. Foods are varied, those of the animal kingdom being vegetable and animal substances or products, together with certain mineral salts. In the broad sense water and oxygen are foods. Physiologists distinguish between foods and foodstuffs. A food is an article of diet that may be composed of one or more foodstuffs. For example, bread is a food, composed of starch, gluten, fat, water and various mineral salts, and the latter are foodstuffs. There are four main groups of foodstuffs: Starches and sugars, made of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen and called carbohydrates; butter, oils, fat and the like, made also of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen in different proportions and called fats; lean meat, white of egg etc., made of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen and called proteids; and water and mineral salts, called inorganic foods. Foods usually are insoluble and, when suspended in water, will not pass through a membrane. The object of digestion is to render them soluble and capable of passing in solution through membranes. This is different from assimilation, which consists of the processes by means of which the digested food is built into living tissue. Food is used to