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FAUST

6SX

FEEDING-STUFFS

that time should have possession of his soul. The contract was signed with his own blood. Marlowe and Goethe both made the story the subject of a drama. He is said to have died in 1538.

Faust or Fust, Johann, a German printer, born in Mentz, Germany, who was associated with Gutenberg in the first introduction of printing. He probablv had nothing to do with the invention of printing, but furnished the capital to introduce the new art. The process was kept secret at first, but at the sacking of Mentz, in 1462, Faust's workmen were scattered and the new art became public property. A Latin Bible in the Mazarin library is thought to have been printed by Faust. The probable date of his death, at Paris, is 1467.

Favenc (Jdi/en)t Ernest, explorer and author, was born in London in 1846 and educated at Berlin and Oxford. From 1865 to 1879 he was a pioneer in Queensland, in 1878 taking charge of the Queens-lander expedition from Blackball to Port Darwin, and he has since been on several minor expeditions in the northern territory and in western Australia. His published works include The History of Australian Exploration, The Secret of the Australian Desert, several books of fiction and many scientific pamphlets. Since 1888 Mr. Favenc has engaged in journalism

Faw'cett, Edgar, American man-of-let-ters, was of English extraction, and was born in New York May 26, 1847, an(^ educated at Columbia College. He began his literary career by publishing some collections of sensuous verse, followed by novels and essays. Of the latter, the better known are A Gentleman of Leisure, Miriam Bale-stier and A Demoralizing Marriage. Besides fiction and verse he has written plays and Agnosticism and Other Essays. Fawcett died on May i, 1904.

Faw'cett, Henry, an English statesman, was born at Salisbury, England, in 1833. After graduating at Cambridge he studied law, intending, as he said when a boy, to enter Parliament and to work for all who were "desolate and oppressed." His hopes seemed suddenly blasted, when, while out shooting with his father, the contents of his father's gun entered both eyes, blinding him completely. But, with rare courage, he determined to accomplish, though blind, whatever he had planned to do when he had his sight. He entered Parliament in 1865, where he carried out his early plans of working for the oppressed in many reform-measures for factory children, for the native population of India, for the common people in keeping open spaces, such as Epping Forest and the New Forest, for their benefit. He became postmaster-gen-e;\al in 1880, and within a fortnight had inaugurated five reforms: the parcel-post, ,jostal orders, a postal savings-bank, postal

life-insurance and cheap telegrams. He instituted an annual week's holiday for country-postmen and encouraged the employment of women. He died on Nov. 6, 1884. A national memorial has been erected to him in Westminster Abbey. See Leslie Stephen's Life of Henry Fawcett. His wife was a distinguished political economist and publicist.

Fawkes, Guy, a conspirator, born in 1570, concerned in the Gunpowder plot, for which he was hanged on Jan. 31, 1606. See GUNPOWDER PLOT.

Feast. See FESTIVAL.

Feathers, the outer covering of birds. No other animals possess feathers; they are outgrowths from the surface-layer of cells and correspond to the scales of fishes and reptiles and the hairs of other animals. They are usually arranged in definite tracts, with smooth spots between them, as may be seen by plucking any common bird. A complete feather is composed of a lower hollow stem or quill, which passes into a four-sided shaft filled with pith. From the shaft barbs spring right and left and cany smaller projections called bar-bules, which interlock by means of little hooks. This close interlocking gives firmness to the vane ot the feather. When the barbs are fine, the feathers are soft and downy. There are two kinds of feathers: the contour-feathers that give form to the bird and are compact, and the down-feathers distributed among them. Feathers are formed from a papilla or little knob of cells, that become inclosed in a pocket of the skin, called a follicle. The little papilla is richly provided with blood-vessels, and is the feather-germ from which the feather grows. A sort of mold for the outlining of the feather is produced within the follicle, and as it grows it is pushed from the follicle and dries in the air. The quill is inserted into the mouth of the follicle. Moulting or shedding of the feathers occurs annually, all the large wing and tail-feathers, as well as the smaller ones, being shed and renewed, usually in the fall. In addition to this general moulting, there frequently, in the spring, is a partial shedding of the smaller feathers. The colors of feathers are due to minute granules of coloring-matter or pigments of different hue. Feathers are extensively used in millinery and for stuffing pillows; the quills are used for pens, toothpicks, holding hairs for artists' brushes, etc.

Feeding=Stuffs for stock are commonly classed as concentrates and roughage. The former are those with a narrow nutritive ratio, as grains (see BALANCED RATION) ; the latter are the coarse forages with much fiber or water. Roughage may be dry forage, as cured timothy, clover, alfalfa, etc.; or green forage. The latter may be fed in pasture somewhat before reaching