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FASHODA

650

FAUST

DEAN FARRAR

ordination he became known for the brilliancy of his preaching, and in so high esteem were his sermons held that in 1873 he was appointed a queen's chaplain. He has often been university preacher both at Oxford and Cambridge, and the latter honored him with the doctorate of divinity in 1874. In 1876 he was appointed canon of Westminster Abbey, and in 1883 was made archdeacon, In 1895 he was made dean of Canterbury. As a writer, Dean Farrar was pre-eminent in his line. His early works were stories of school and college life. His later efforts were in theology, his Life of Christ, which passed through 12 edi-tions in 12 months, making him known throughout the world. He contributed largely to magazines and periodicals, and published volumes of sermons. Among his other works _ are Life of St. Paul; Early Days of Christianity; Witness of History to Christ; Seekers After God; and Eternal Hope, He died on March 22, 1903.

Fasho'da, a town of Sudan, upon the White Nile, was the center of a serious dispute in 1898 between England and France. It had been occupied by a French expedition under Captain Marchand; but the British, fresh from their victory at Omdurman, claimed the town for Egypt. In the end Pashoda was evacuated by the French, who in return received an extension of their possessions in Central Sudan.

Fast, doing without food for any cause, but usually as a religious ceremony. Its origin is doubtful, but by degrees it became a religious observance, and is recognized by the Roman Catholic church as a church-law of discipline. The Mosaic law set aside one day yearly for the purpose of fasting, the tenth day of the seventh month, called Yom Kippur or Day of Atonement. In course of time five more fast-days were added in memory of days of humiliation and national misfortune. Many new ones have since been added; but among the orthodox Jews few of them observe any but those of Yom Kippur and the five mentioned. Fasting in the Greek church is observed with great austerity. The principal fasts are Wednesday and Friday; Easter, 48 days; Christmas, 39 days; that in honor of the Virgin 14 days; and that of the Apostles extends from the first Monday after Trinity to the 29th of June. The Church of England and the

Episcopal church of the United States recognize fasting as praiseworthy, but do not command it. See Robert Nelson's Festivals and Fasts of the Church.

Fates, a term in Greek mythology used to represent the three daughters of Night: Clotho, the spinner of the thread of life; Lachesis, who determines the length of the thread or the lot of life; and Atropos, or the inevitable, who cuts the thread. They were represented sometimes as young women, sometimes as matrons. They had places consecrated to tt.em at Sparta, Corinth, Thebes and Olympia.

Faults (in geology). The earth's crust is affected by numerous fissures or joints, which extend from the surface down to unknown depths. Along some of these fissures slipping sometimes takes place, the strata on the one side rising or sinking relative to those on the other. Displacements of this sort are faults. Faulting probably is a chief cause of earthquakes. (See any text-book on geology.)

Faure (for), Francois Felix, French statesman and president (1895-99) of the republic, was born at Paris on Jan. 30,1841, and died there onFeb. 16, 1899. He was quite a self-made man, originally a currier; but he became a merchant and shipowner at Havre and an authority on shipping, commercial and colonial questions. He took part in the Franco -Prussian War, and was decorated for services in Paris in suppressing the rising during the Commune. In 1881 he was elected republican member of the chamber of deputies, and in Gam-betta's cabinet became undersecretary of state for the colonies. He held the same post in the Ferry, Brisson and Tirard administrations, and in 1894 became minister of marine in the Dupuy cabinet and vice-president of the chamber. In January, 1895, ne succeeded Casimir-Perier in the presidency, and during his term was exceedingly popular.

Faust (joust), Dr. Johann, was a famous magician and dealer in the black art, who lived in the i6th century. He has been made a central character in literature, and became the hero of Goethe's Faust. Luther spoke of him as the type of "the infidel and impious man." The story is that he obtained his art from Satan, making a contract with the devil that he should serve him (Faust) for 24 years and at the end of

F. F. FAURE