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EMBRYO prize of the other. The United States had too weak a fleet to declare war, and, therefore, tried to bring the two powers to terms by preventing her own vessels from trade. The southern party, chiefly agricultural, was in power, and their action crippled New England, which was so hard hit by its loss of trade that it threatened to secede. A stricter embargo-act was passed in 1807. Exports fell from $110,084,207 in 1807 to $22,430,960 in 1808. The American carrying-trade has never since fully recovered. England, the chief offender in seizing American ships and pressing American sailors (for France did not command the sea), alone profited by the American embargoes. In 1809 the embargo was removed, but in its stead a non-intercourse act was passed against trade with France or England. War broke out with England in 1812. A new embargo was levied until 1814. In spite of the opinion of Jefferson, it seems clear that the embargoes injured the home country more than her enemies, and thus were unsound.  Em′bryo (in plants), a plant in the earliest stages of its development. In Spermatophytes Embryo of capsella, showing superior (below) and embryo (above) in various stages of development. the name is restricted to the development within the seed. Taking the bean embryo as an illustration, it consists of a small stem, once called the caulicle, but now known as the hypocotyl, from the lower end of which the root develops, and at the upper end two large and fleshy leaves appear (the halves of the bean), called the cotyledons. Between the cotyledons a little bud is apparent, called the plumule, in which the subsequent leaves are more or less formed, and which is to develop into the shoot when the embryo escapes from the seed. Such an embryo represents the common form among the dicotyledons. Among the monocotyledons, as in corn, the same parts appear, but the single large cotyledon is terminal on the hypocotyl, and the stem tip comes out at one side. Among the conifers, as in pines, a rosette of cotyledons may appear, in the center of which is the plumule. In the development of the embryos of seed-plants a temporary organ, called the suspensor, usually appears. It generally is a more or less elongated filament of cells, which at its tip bears the cell which is to form the real embryo, and by its growth places this cell in a better position in reference

to the food-supply which is forming in the seed.

 Embryology. See.  Em′bryo-Sac (in plants). In the ovule of angiosperms there is developed what appears to be a large cavity, but is really a single large spore which is not discharged (see ). This spore germinates and develops within itself a very simple gametophyte consisting of seven cells (see ). This spore containing its gametophyte, before it was known to be a spore, SECTION OF OVULE was called the embryo-sac, because the embryo was observed to develop within it. At one end of the sac three of the seven cells are grouped together, the group being called the egg-apparatus, since the central cell is the egg, which is to produce the embryo, and the other two aid it in the process of fertilization. At the opposite end of the sac is another group of three cells known as the antipodal cells. Usually they disappear very soon after they are formed. In the central region of the sac a very large cell appears, called the definitive nucleus or endosperm nucleus. It is this cell which produces the endosperm or food-cells for the use of the embryo. In many seeds, as corn and wheat, it is the endosperm which supplies the food-material used by man.  Emerald, a mineral differing in nothing but color from beryl. The emerald is highly esteemed as a gem. It owes its value mainly to its very beautiful velvety-green color. It is found in very few places. The finest have long been brought from Colombia, where they are got from veins in slate and granite. Valuable stones also come from the upper Orinoco in Venezuela. Poor stones are found in Europe, in Salzburg and the Ural Mountains, and some old mines in Egypt yield them. The gem was known and highly prized in early times. Ptolemy offered a famous poet, who visited his court, an emerald set in gold, with his portrait engraved on it. Nero, who was near-sighted, looked at the combats of gladiators through an eyeglass of emerald. An emerald is rarely without a flaw, and its value depends on its color. A very perfect emerald of six carats has been sold for $5,000. The name of oriental emerald is often given to a very rare, beautiful and precious green sapphire.  Emer′gence (in plants), outgrowths from the surface of a plant, such as warts, prickles, etc., which involve in their origin