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DtJNMORE

562

DURATION IN PLANTS

harbor and good railway facilities. Population, 17,221.

Dun more, Pa., a town in Lackawanna County, northeastern Pennsylvania, in the rich anthracite-coal region of the Lackawanna valley. It is situated two miles north of Scranton, the Erie and Wyoming Valley Railroad traversing it. Its trade is chiefly in coal. Population, 17,615.

Dunne, Finley Peter (1867-), American journalist and humorist, popularly known as Mr. Dooley, was born in Chicago, 111. After obtaining a common-school education he began his career as a reporter, subsequently rising to the post of city-editor, a member of the editorial staffs of the Times, Times-Herald and Evening Post, and finally editor-in-chief of the Evening Journal. His Mr. Dooley sketches, which have made the writer widely known, first appeared in the Chicago Times-Herald, the prototype of the humorous commentator on political and social themes being a Chicago saloonkeeper who died in 1901. The Spanish-American War gave Mr. Dunne a notable theme for the exercise of his peculiar philosophy mixed with satire; while he widened his audiences by his publications, which include Mr. Dooley in Peace and in War; Mr. Dooley in the Hearts of his Countrymen (1898), Mr. Dooley''s Philosophy (1900), his Opinions (1901); his Observations (1902); and Dissertations, all embodying shrewd criticisms and alternately wise and amusing talks. Mr. Dunne now resides in New York City.

Dun'stan, St., archbishop of Canterbury, was born in Glastonbury in 924 A. D. tie was educated at the abbey of Glastonbury and became a monk there, giving himself up to study and music. Dunstan soon after went to the king's court and was appointed abbot of Glastonbury. His abbey soon grew to be a famous school, but Dunstan did not give all his time to it; he became the chief adviser of King Edmund. When the young Edwy became king, Dunstan lost favor, but was soon called back by Edgar, who had become king of the country-north of the Thames. After Edwy's death Edgar became king of the whole country and Dunstan was made archbishop of Canterbury. The wise measures which made Edgar's reign one of the most peaceful and prosperous in early English history were largely due to Dunstan. It was his policy to join the Danes and English in England into a single kingdom. He died at Canterbury in 988. See Memorials of St. Dunstan, by Bishop Stubbs.

Dupleix (du'pla'), Joseph Francois, Marquis, a celebrated governor of ' the French East Indies, was born in 1697. His father was a shareholder in the French East India company, and had his son appointed to a position in India, and ten years later he became superintendent of Chanderna-

gore in Bengal. He was so successful that he was soon appointed governor-general of Pondiehery, including all the French Indies, and there he was so skillful in managing the native chiefs that the Carnatic soon became almost a French province When war broke out between England and France, Dupleix was for a time successful against the English; but his plans were finally frustrated by Lord Clive. In 1754 England and France came to an agreement regarding India, and Dupleix was recalled to France, where he died in 1764. Had the plans of Dupleix succeeded, it is probable that India would now be under French instead of English control. See French in India, by Malleson, and Struggle between England and France -for Supremacy in India, by Rapson.

Dupont (du-ponf), Samuel Francis, an American rear-admiral, was born at Bergen Point, N. J., in 1803. In the summer of 1861 he was given command of the Atlantic blockading squadron. He also commanded the expedition which captured Port Royal harbor, in the same year. He was made rear-admiral in 1862, and the next year commanded the fleet of ironclads which attacked Sumter, where he was defeated. In 1863 he resigned his command, and died at Philadelphia in 1865.

Duquesne (du'kan'), Pa., a borough in Allegheny County, about ten miles from Pittsburg. It is located on the Monongahela River, and. is served by the Pennsylvania Railroad. It is engaged in manufacturing steel and iron-products. Population, 15 > 7 2 7 •

Durand (du-rand'), Asher Brown, a well known American artist, was born at Jefferson, N. J., in 1796. He engraved many excellent portraits, but gained his greatest fame as a landscape painter. The Capture of Ma;,or Andr£ and A Primeval Forest are among his best paintings. He died at South Orange, N. J., Sept. 17, 1886.

Duration in Plants. The variation in duration among pMnts is extreme. Some of the simplest of plants may endure but a few days or even less, while certain trees are known to endure for several centuries. Among seed-plants an attempt has been made to classify duration roughly under three heads, namely, annual, biennial and perennial plants. The annual plant lasts but a single growing season, but even within that limit there are great differences ^ in actual duration. Often, also, confusion arises from the fact that the parts above ground may be annual while those beneath the surface may endure for a much longer time. There are annual stems which are put up year after year by perennial roots or underground stems. A true annual is a plant which disappears completely at the end of the season, and continues over to the next only in the form of a seed. The name biennial has been given to those plants