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threw the Austrians at the great victory of Jemappes, but was defeated by the Austrians in 1793. The revolutionists at Paris did not trust his loyalty to their cause, but denounced him as a traitor and summoned him to Paris. In order to save his life, he gave himself up to the Austrian general. He finally settled in England as an exile, and died in 1823. See Life and Memoirs.

Diina. See DWINA.

Dunbar, Paul Laurence (1872-1906), an American poet of African blood, was born at Dayton, O., in the high-school of which city he was educated. His volumes of verse, which are partly in dialect, received high commendation from critics and litterateurs. They include Oak and Ivy (1893), Lyrics of Lowly Life (1896), Poems of Cabin and Field (1899) and Lyrics of the Hearth-side (1899). Besides these, Mr. Dunbar issued a volume of short stories, Folks from Dixie, and two novels, The Uncalled (1898) and The Sport of the Gods (1902). The poet-novelist also lectured, and in 1897 was appointed to a position in the Library of Congress; but subsequently he fell into ill-health and died at Dayton, Ohio, of consumption.

Dundee, the third city in size in Scotland, is situated on the River Tay, ten miles from its entrance to the sea. Among its fine buildings are the town-hall, with a spire 140 feet high, built in 1734; the Albert institute and Free library, the Royal exchange and several churches. Dundee is the chief seat in Great Britain of the manufacture of coarse linen fabrics. Manufactures of coarse cloth from jute, such as bagging and carpets, are also carried on, on a large scale. Dundee is also famous for its confectionery, which is sent all over the world. The city has a fine harbor and excellent docks. Dundee returns two members to Parliament. It has an interesting history that inspired Up with the Bonnets of Bonnie Dundee! Population 169,409.

^ Duncdin, seaport and capital of Otago, situated on Otago harbor, in South Island, New Zealand. It was founded in 1848 by settlers chiefly from Scotland, and received an impetus in 1861 by the discovery of gold in its neighborhood. The city has many handsome buildings and is lighted by electricity, and it has tramways and other civic improvements. Wool is a large export. Dunedin is the seat of Otago University, one of the four affiliated colleges of New Zealand. Population, with suburbs, 64,237.

Dunes. Where the land is gaining on the sea, either at the bars or mouths of rivers or along the seashore, the land deposited is of fine sand. This the wind, in time, often heaps into ridges, sometimes of considerable height, but more often 10 to 30 feet. Such ridges, which usually are bleak and waste, are dunes. They are found along the western shore of. France, along the eastern coast

of the United States and in many other places. They may be dangerous to man, first because he is sometimes tempted to build on them, though a great storm may sweep them away; and second because the sand-hills are sometimes carried inland by the wind. In France villages have slowly been covered and destroyed by advancing dunes.

Dunkards (from the word meaning "to dip")? Dunkers, or German Baptist Brethren, are a large sect of Baptists which was first organized in 1708 in Westphalia. Alexander Mack was chosen as its first minister. The sect is a strict one, and in some respects like that of the Quakers. The Dunkards live and dress plainly, and hold it wrong to fight or take an oath. The sect emigrated to America early in the i8th century, and by 1730 was established in Pennsylvania. An offshoot of the Brethren, known as the Seventh-Day Dunkards, keeps the seventh instead of the first day as the Sabbath. But the greater part of the sect, though they were driven from. Germany by persecution, do not hold different beliefs from other Protestant churches. They, indeed, have a monastery, but those who enter it are not forbidden to marry. Their religious paper, The Gospel Messenger, has a wide circulation. Even in the i8th century the Dunkards expressed themselves against slavery and, above all, against the slave-trade. Since 1883 there has been a division among the Brethren; those of the Old Order clinging to older forms of dress and opposing higher education, while the Progressives see the need of outward changes and are content to preserve the spirit of their faith.

Dun'kirk or Dunkerque, the northernmost seaport of France, is on the Strait of Dover,, It is a very strong place, both from its fortifications and from the ease with which the whole surrounding country can be submerged by water. The harbor is large, and the city carries on shipbuilding extensively. It has manufactures of linen, leather, cotton, soap, etc., and has a large trade by sea The town was burned by the English in 1388, and was captured by them under Cromwell in 1658, but was sold to Louis XIV by Charles II a few years later. By the treaty of Utrecht the French were compelled to destroy the fortifications, but they were rebuilt in 1783. The Duke of York sought to capture it in 1793, but was defeated with great loss. Population, 38,891.

Dunkirk, N. Y., a city and port of entry on Lake Erie, 38 miles southwest of Buffalo. It is one of the chief towns in Chautauqua County, and is the western terminus of the Erie Railroad, which connects it directly with New York, 460 miles distant. It has a number of mills, factories and elevators, and extensive locomotive-works. It is well-situated for trade, with its excellent