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DUFAY

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DUFFY

being thought to have proved that he was in the right. Probably from this custom the modern duel arose. France is the country in which duels have always been most common. It was thought to be the part of a gentleman to resent any insult to his honor, and the most foolish and trivial things were considered insults. Duels were not common till the i6th century, and it is probable that the custom arose from the habit of wearing swords as a part of the ordinary dress, a custom introduced in the isth century. In England many of the foremost statesmen in the early part of the i pth century. fought duels, among them being such men as William Pitt and the Duke of Wellington. The most famous American duel was that between Hamilton and Burr, in which Hamilton was killed. This duel greatly roused the people of the country against the system, and duels became much less common. In Germany the university-students still keep up the practice, and think that a sword-scar across the face is a mark of honor. Dueling is also common in the German army, and is not forbidden by law. It was abolished in the English army in 1844. See History of Dueling by Dr. Milligen and Dueling Days in the Army by William Douglas.

Dufay (du-fd'), Charles Francois, born Sept. 14, 1698; died July 16, 1739. He is distinguished especially as being the man who first discovered that there are two kinds of electricity, which we now call positive and negative. His electrical experiments are described in six memoirs published by the French Academy during 1733-4.

Duff, Alexander, a great Scottish missionary to India, was born April 26, 1806, in Perthshire. He was the first missionary sent from the Church of Scotland to India. On the passage he was twice shipwrecked, but reached India in May, 1830. He devised a new plan of missionary work among the natives, giving them instruction in all branches of knowledge as well as religious teaching. The college which he founded was very successful, and after a few years bad from 600 to 700 pupils. Ill-health forced him to return to Scotland for a time, but he returned to India later and continued his work. In 1843, owing to changes in the Church of Scotland, Dr. DufI abandoned his college. In 1844 he helped to start the Calcutta Review, but had to go home in 1849. Some years later he made a missionary tour through America, which was very successful. Some time after he went to India again, where he was one of the founders and for some time the real head of the University of Calcutta. He died at Edinburgh in 1878, leaving his money to found a missionary lectureship. His knowledge of the affairs of India was so great that his opinion was often asked by the

English government. Probably no one has done more to arouse missionary enthusiasm than he, and his introducing European education and methods of study among the natives was the beginning of a real advance in the social life of that country. See Life by Professor Thomas Smith.

Dufferin, Frederick Temple, Hamilton Blackwood, Marquis of, was born in Florence, Italy, In 1826. His mother was the

grand-daughter of Sheridan and noted for her beauty as well as for her gifts as a song-writer. He was educated at Oxford University. Between 1860 and 1872 he held several prominent positions in the Eng-1 i s h ministry, and in 1877 was appointed governor-general of Canada. In this position he was very successful, the great development of Manitoba during his administration being especially noticeable. In 1879 he was made ambassador to Russia, and later held a similar position at Constantinople. After the rebellion of Arabi Pasha, in Egypt, Lord Dufferin was sent to restore order, and was successful in effecting several reforms in the management of Egypt. In 1884 he became viceroy of India, where his term of office was memorable for the successful arrangements with Russia regarding the frontier of Afghanistan and for the annexation of upper Burma. In 1888 he resigned, and was appointed minister to Rome and created a marquis. His last appointment was as British ambassador to France, retiring finally in 1896. His unfortunate connection as chairman of a corporation for company-promoting in London clouded his later years and did much to hasten his death. He is the author of Letters front High Latitudes, descriptive of a% yacht voyage to Iceland; Irish Emigration and the Tenure of Land in Ireland; Speeches and Addresses; Speeches in India (1890). See his Life by Sir Alfred Lyall (London, 1905). The Marquis's wife, Lady Dufferin, wrote two delightful books, entitled; Our Vice-Regal Life in India (1890) and My Canadian Journal (1891), besides the narrative of her philanthropic work in India: The Record of Three Years' Work (1889).

Duffy, Hon. Sir Charles Qavan, statesman and man of letters, was born in Mona-ghan, Ireland, April 12, 1816, and educated at Belfast Institution. In 1842 he founded The Nation, a newspaper, in Dublin, was tried for seditious conspiracy in company

MARQUIS    OP     DUFPERIN