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CRAWFORD

475

CREATION

F. MARION CRAWFORD

England. He afterward prosecuted his studies at Karlsruhe and at Heidelberg; studied Sanskrit at Rome; and in 1879 proceeded to India to edit a newspaper, The Indian Herald, at Allahabad. From 1881 to 1883 he was in America, * and since then has | for the most part ' resided at Sorrento in Italy. He has published over 40 novels, from Mr. Isaacs in 1882 to The White Sister, 1909. His fertility as an author is no less extraordinary than are the wonderful variety and rich interest of his romances. He perhaps was the most cultured of modern writers of fiction, and his novels, though rarely realistic and, hardly ever dependent upon dialect, invariably interest and instruct. The following are others of his novels: Saracinesca; Marzio's Crucifix', Sanf Ilario; Don Orsino; Casa Braccio; Zoroaster; A Rose of Yesterday; Corleone; and Ave Roma Immortalis. He died April 9, 1909.

Crawford, Thomas, an American sculptor, was born at New York in 1814. In 1834 he went to Rome, where he worked under the guidance of Thorwaldsen, the great sculptor. His finest works are the Washington Monument Sit Richmond and the bronze statue of Liberty on the dome of the Capitol at Washington. He died at London on Oct. 16,1857. Crawfordsville, Ind., a city, the county-seat of Montgomery County, on the Cleve., Cin., Chic. & St. Louis and Terre Haute & Indianapolis railways, about 43 miles northwest of Indianapolis. Settled in 1822, it was incorporated as a city in 1865. It is the seat of Wabash College (Presb.), and has, besides a court-house, several churches and public schools. Its manufactures consist of wire-fence works, wagon, spoke and curb-factories and foundry-products, in addition to lumber-mills, carriage-works, etc. Population 9.371.

Crayfish. See CRAWFISH. Creamery, a dairy-factory enterprise for making butter, cheese and condensed milk, familiar in the chief eastern and middle-western states of the Union in the past 20 years. They are conducted usually by stock or co-operative companies, or by private individuals having experienced and skilled men to conduct and manage them. Recent returns show that close upon 6,000 creameries are in operation over the country; and in the best of them, which now produce a high-grade output, they confine themselves either to butter or to cheese-making, rarely making both in one factory. The states which today have the largest number of creameries

are New York, Pennsylvania, Wisconsin, Illinois and Minnesota, their seat being in the principal dairy-regions. When the milk is delivered by the farmer to the factory, it is weighed, tested as to quality, and its value credited to the owner-producer; the cream is then separated by power (if it has not previously been separated before being brought to the factory), the farmer usually receiving the skim-milk for feeding. The more general plan followed to-day by the producer is to use the local separator-factory or skimming-station, only the cream being taken to the creamery, thus reducing the cost and trouble of hauling.

Cream - Separator, a machine for taking cream from milk, which depends on the physical principle that the heavier a whirling body is, the greater its tendency to fly from the center. The milk is passed into a vessel revolving at a high rate of speed on its own center. The cream, composed largely of butter-fat, being lighter, stays in the center and escapes by a tube. The heavier skim-milk, flying to the outer sides of the vessel, escapes through perforations into an outer jacket and is carried away by another tube. The machine can be adjusted to separate cream of any desired thickness between certain limits. This thickness can be accurately measured in terms of percentage of butter-fat. 98% of butter-fat can be thus separated as against 75 % by the old-fashioned shallow-pan skimming, or 85% by the better deep-setting method, in which cans about 20 inches deep are set in cold water over night and the skim-milk drawn off from below by a faucet. The separator has the advantage of acting quickly, and so making it possible to market the cream with much shorter exposure to the air. Separators will handle from a few pounds of milk per hour up to 4,000 pounds. The smaller ones are usually operated by hand-power. The separator works best at a temperature of between 85 and 100 degrees Fahr. Separator-cream is much purer than that obtained by the gravity-methods, because the impurities, being heavy, fly from the center along with the skim-milk. The separator has made possible the rapid growth of creameries as an organized industry, there being over 5,000 in United States in 1905. These can make butter more economically and of more uniform grade than can be done on the farms. Hand-separators enable the owner of a small number of cows to handle less bulk than he would in hauling milk to a creamery. See, also, BABCOCK. TEST.

Creation, The, an oratorio by Joseph Haydn, composed during the years 1796-8. The words are selected from Genesis and Milton's Paradise Lost, with modifications by Baron von Swieten. The oratorio was first produced at Vienna, April 29, 1798, and ranked next to The Messiah in popularity until the appearance of Mendelssohn's Elijah.