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CRANSTON

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CRAWFORD

dom. This pleased Henry much; and the king asked: "Who is this Dr Cranmer? Marry, I trow, he has got the right sow by the ear." So Cranmer became royal chaplain, was sent on embassies to Italy and Germany, and made archbishop of Canterbury. The king found in Cranmer a pliable tool; the servant divorced the master from Catherine, Anne Boleyn and Anne of Cleves. He pleaded timidly in behalf of Anne Boleyn and on behalf also of Henry VIII's vicar-general, Thomas Cromwell; still, if Henry said they were guilty, guilty they were in Cranmer's eyes. Cranmer was instrumental in having the Bible translated, and drifted toward Protestantism. The dying Edward VI won him over to signing the paper that was to make Lady Jane Grey queen instead of Mary. Under Queen Mary the persecuting statutes against heretics were revived, and one of the chief men of the time to suffer was Cranmer, who was condemned for treason, then retried as a heretic. From Oxford gaol he saw the reformers Latimer and Ridley die at the stake, and panic-stricken wrote seven recantations, the last on the morning of March 21, 1556. At once he was taken to church, where he listened to a grim sermon in which he learned that he must burn; but when he was to read his recantation, he instead took back all he had said "from fear of death.'1 He went to the stake cheerfully, and, thrusting his right hand into the flame, kept it there saying: "This hath offended; O this unworthy hand!" See Tennyson's Queen Mary for an appreciative view of Cranmer's character.

Cran'ston, Rhode Island, a town in Providence County, made up of several villages, with many attractive residences, on the New York, New Haven & Hartford Railroad, and on the western shore of Narraganset Bay about nine miles southwest of Providence. A state-prison, insane asylum, reform-schools, almshouse and workhouse have their seat here. The town was settled early in the i7th century, and incorporated in 1754. Besides its extensive cotton manufactures, it has wire-works, a large brewery and considerable market-gardening. Population (IQIO), 21,171.

Crawfish or Crayfish, a fresh-water animal like the lobster, but of smaller size. The front part of the body is covered by a shield-like expansion of the outer shell. This takes in the head and what corresponds to the chest or thorax; it is an expanse of the horny covering of the body, which is made of chitin and hardened by deposits of lime therein. The expansion covers two gill-chambers—one on each side. There are from 18 to 20 pairs of feather-like §ills, which are .membranous and richly provided with blood-vessels* A gill-bailer lies in the ^ront of each gill^ehamber, the movement of

which throws the water out of the chamber in little jets and keeps a current of water flowing over the gills. The crayfish is composed of a series of body-rings, but those in front are so crowded together and modified, that it is difficult, at first, to appreciate this fact. If the shield-like expanse (carapace) is removed, the furrows separating the segments can be seen. The tail (or abdomen) is composed of six similar rings, and each ring bears a pair of appendages—called in this position swimmerets. The fact that every ring bears one pair of appendages is the key to determining the number of segments in the entire body. If we count the appendages in that region covered by the carapace, we shall find, in all, 14 pairs, and, since each pair represents a ring or segment, we know that there are 14 segments

CRAWFISH

crowded together in the front end of the body. The 14 pairs of appendages are the eyes, the small and the large antennae, the jaws, surrounded by five pairs of modified mouth-parts; and, finally, the five pairs of limbs. The first pair of these ends in large claws, and the next two pairs in small claws. The crayfishes live abundantly in streams, and. often make holes in the bank. They are omnivorous eaters, dead fish, water-snails, tadpoles, frogs, larvae of insects, vegetable matter in the water and the like being all devoured. The eggs are attached to the swimmerets, and, for some time after hatching, the young cling by their claws to the swimmerets of the mother. They moult or cast off the outer shell, including also the lining of the mouth and stomach, which is horny in nature. The processes of life in the crayfish duplicate those of higher animals, and Huxley showed how a study of the structure, development, distribution and physiology of this one animal introduces us to the general facts of zoology. See Huxley: The Crayfish. See CRAB.

Crawford, Francis Marion, cosmopolitan American novelist and son of a sculptor, was born at Bagni di Lucca, Italy, Aug. 2, 1854, and wa£ educated partly in the United States and partly in Italy, and had a private tutor at Trinity Cbllegei Cambridge,