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1X)LLENCHYMA

4215

CoLoGNl

board, together with the president of the college and nine members chosen by the, mayor. The college has now been housed in splendid buildings erected at Amsterdam Avenue and 138th to i4oth St., at a cost of some four millions of dollars. The College of the City of New York is, as it were, a crown to the democratic movement towards a public and free system of education which has won its way to victory in America.

Collenchyma (kol-len'ki-ma) (in plants), a peculiar kind of tissue in many plants which serves as an elastic mechanical support and is developed immediately beneath the epidermis. It may be recognized in cross-sections by the fact that its cell-walls are thickened at the angles and have a characteristic pearly white luster.

Col'lingwood, a town of 7,291, one of the principal seaports on Georgian Bay (Ontario), beautifully located at the foot of the Blue Mountains. Enjoys a large grain trade with Chicago. A lumber center for all the ports on the north shore of Georgian Bay. It is on the Grand Trunk Railway, and the home port of the Northern Navigation Co., the steamers of which ply thence to the numerous lake-ports.

Col'Iins, William, an English poet, was born at Chichester, Eng., Dec. 25, 1721. While a schoolboy be wrote his Oriental Eclogues, the most popular of his poems during his lifetime. After leaving Oxford he sought to make a living as an author in London, but his health and irregular ways of working unfitted him for success in such a life. His place among British poets is due to his Odes, which did not meet with the praise they deserved, when they first appeared, and were little valued even by such critics as Dr. Johnson and the poet Gray. In 1753 Collins* reason gave way, and he died on June 12, 1759, utterly unnoticed by a single newspaper of his time. His finest odes are, perhaps, To Evening and The Passions, though his most popular poems are that on the Death of the Poet Thomson and that beginning with "How sleep the brave."

Col'Iins, William Wilkie, an English novelist, was born in London, Jan. 8, 1824. He had a good schooling, spent four years in business, and. studied law. However, he turned to writing, first bringing out a life of his father, who was an eminent painter. His novels took high rank, and he became famous for devising deep and tangled plots for his stories. Hence he was called the Weird Concocter. His best novels are The Woman in White, The New Magdalen, No Name, Poor Miss Finch, Armadale and The Moonstone. He died in London, Sept. 23, 1889.

Collodion, a clear, colorless, gummy and highly inflammable liquid prepared by dissolving gun-cotton or pyroxylin in

an equal-parts mixture of alcohol and ether. The gun-cotton is prepared from common cotton-wool by first boiling it in a solution of sodium carbonate, washing and drying it and, second, by placing tufts of it for eight or ten minutes in a mixture of nitric acid, water and sulphuric acid, and again washing and drying. Collodion was once extensively used in photography, and for some lines of that art is still used. It is very commonly used in surgery and chiropody, being especially valuable for scratches, chafings and minor cuts, as it keeps out poisonous substances and is not soluble in water. In one of its common commercial forms it is known as New Skin.

Coll'yer, Robert, was born at Keigh-ley, England, Dec. 8, 1823. When a boy, he worked in a factory and afterward became a blacksmith. All his spare time was spent in educating himself. In 1850 he emigrated to America, settling in Shoemaker town, Pa., as a blacksmith and Methodist preacher. He afterward became pastor of a Unitarian church in Chicago, and later on of the Church of the Messiah in New York city. His sermons and books, especially his Lectures to Young Men and Women, have made him widely known, and the story of the rise of the blacksmith-preacher to a commanding position is familiar to all Americans. A literary society of Cornell University asked Mr. Collyer as a great favor to make them a horseshoe to hang in their hall, saying that Cornell boys could have no better stimulus than a piece of his handiwork always in sight. The preacher complied, and, asking a blacksmith to allow him to use his hammer, soon proved that he had not lost his skill. A picture of the scene has been painted, showing the white-haired old man with a blacksmith's apron tied over his clerical garb, fashioning a horseshoe on the anvil. He died Nov. 30, 1912.

Cologne (ko-lon'), the capital of Rhenish Prussia, lies on the left bank of the Rhine. It is built in a half-circle, surrounded by the Ringstrasse, a 6o-foot-wide boulevard. Its old churches and buildings of the nth, 12th and i3th centuries, of Gothic, Romanesque and Transition styles of architecture, are of great interest. But its most famous building is the cathedral, one of the finest specimens of Gothic architecture in Europe. Said to date back to the reign of Charlemagne, it was burned in 1248; its rebuilding was begun in about 1270, and was carried on interruptedly till 1509. It was not until 1823 that work on it was recommenced, and the spires were not fi .shed until 1880. Its entire cost was ? out $10,000,000. Cologne is a fortress o' the first rank, detached forts encircling the city at a radius of four miles from the cathedral. It is well-placed for commerce, and many manufactures are carried on, among them the