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CHURCHILL

397

CICADA

the church (about 800 A. D.) into the Eastern and the Western church. The first was held at Nicaea, in Asia Minor, 325 A. D., under the Emperor Constantine. It was in that council that Athanasius won the victory for the doctrine of the trinity, against the Unitarians under Arius. The next councils were those of Constantinople (381), Ephesus (431), Chalcedon (451), Constantinople (553), Constantinople (680), Nicsea (787). The Greek or Eastern church recognizes only these as general, because it did not attend the rest; but the Roman church considers the following to be general, holding that the other churches are not real churches, that there is but one church, the Roman Catholic: Constantinople (869), Lateran (1123), Lateran (1139), Lateran (1179), Lateran (1215), Lyons (1245), Lyons (1274), Vienne (1311), Constance (1414), Basel (1431), Florence (1438), Lateran (1512), Trent (1545), and Vatican (1869). The authority of the councils has given way to that of the pope, especially since the council of Trent. At the last council, the Vatican, membership was limited to cardinals, bishops, mitred abbots and generals of religious orders.

Churchill, Randolph Henry Spencer, Lord, an English statesman, member of Parliament and second son of the sixth Duke of Marlborough, was born in 1849, and died in 1895. In 1874, on a visit to this country, he married Jennie, daughter of the late Leonard Jerome of New York. In the same year he entered the British Parliament, and later on became a versatile and often audacious speaker, the life and soul of what was then known as the Fourth Party in the chamber. He subsequently became one of the leaders of the Conservative party, and was recognized as a new and powerful, if at times somewhat erratic, political force. He took a prominent part in the Bradlaugh debates, and when Mr. Gladstone fell and Lord Salisbury came into power, Lord Randolph Churchill was appointed chancellor of the exchequer and leader in the commons. In Dec., 1886, differences with his colleagues led to his resignation. He again (in 1892) became a member of Parliament. He died at London, January 24, 1895.

Churchill River, 1,000 miles long, flowing into west shore of Hudson Bay near Fort Churchill in the District of Keewatin (Canada). Direction northeasterly.

Churchill, Winston, American novelist and contributor to magazines, was born at St. Louis, Mo., Nov. 10, 1871, and graduated in 1894 from the United States Naval Academy. For a time he was editor of the Army and Navy Journal, of New York, and managing editor of The Cosmopolitan. He has published a number of short naval stories and character sketches of naval officers; an account of the naval battle

of Santiago; and three notable novels, dealing powerfully with important eras in American history^ These stories are entitled The Celebrity (1898), Richard Carvel (1899) and The Crisis (1901), the latter a story of the Civil War. The Crossing (1904), a love story entitled Coniston (1906) and Mr. Cr ewe's Career (1908) are his later fiction.

Churchill, Winston Leonard Spencer, son of the late Lord Randolph Churchill, English Parliamentary Under-Secretary for the colonies, under Campbell - Bannerman, and first lord of the admiralty under Asquith, was born November 30, 1874, and educated at Harrow and the military school at Sandhurst. In 1895 he entered the army, and saw considerable fighting, and was in many active expeditions in different parts of the world. He first served with the Spanish forces in Cuba; then in India; and later in the Nile expeditionary force in Egypt, and for his services at Khartum received a medal and clasp. Toward the close of 1899 he proceeded to South Africa, and was taken prisoner by the Boers, while acting as war-correspondent. He afterward escaped from custody at Pretoria, and proceeding to Cape Colony he joined the South African Light Horse as lieutenant. With this body of troops he saw much service in the colony, was in many hot engagements and was present at the taking and occupying of Pretoria by Lord Roberts in June, 1900. He later on returned to England, and lectured there and in this country on the Boer War. Since entering political life in England, he has become a good debater and an active opponent of changes in the British tariff. His publications embrace The Story of the Malakand Field-Force; Savrola (a novel); The River War, an historical account of the recon-quest of the Sudan; London to Lady smith ma Pretoria; and the narrative of Ian Hamilton's March. He has also written a Life of Lord Randolph Churchill, his father, which is regarded as a fine piece of biographical literature. See Scott's Winston Spencer Churchill ^(London, 1905).

Churubusco (choo'rfitf-boos'kd), a village six miles south of the City of Mexico, where was fought a battle between the Americans, under General Scott, and the Mexicans under General Santa Anna, Aug. 20, 1847. The road to Mexico is a high, paved causeway crossing the River Churubusco by a stone-bridge. At this point on the high river-banks Santa Anna made a stand, to arrest Scott's advance to the capital. Scott had won the battle of the Contreras the same day, and he carried the Churubusco position a^er smart fighting, with a loss in both actions of 1,065; Mexican loss, including prisoners, 7,000, besides artillery.

Cicada (st-kd'dd), an insect improperly known as the 17-year locust. The name